Abstract
Despite the critical role of balanced nutrition in crop productivity, the use of potash (K) and zinc (Zn) is not much practiced by Pakistani farmers. The reduced nutrient uptake and crop productivity together increase the costs associated with fertilization and revisit farmers’ confidence in the efficacy and profitability of fertilizers. To address this problem, a field study was conducted in the research area of the MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, in collaboration with Engro Fertilizers Limited. The research plan consisted of five treatments, including T 1 = control (without N, P, K, and Zn fertilizers), T 2 = NP in practice (NP at 32–23–0 kg acre -1 ), T 3 = recommended NP (NP at 48–34.5 kg acre -1 ), T 4 = balanced NPK (NP+K at 48–34.5–30 kg acre -1 ), and T 5 = balanced NPK + Zn (NPK+Zn at 48–34.5–30 + 7.5 kg acre -1 ). Wheat was used as a test crop, and its growth, yield, and physiological and nutritional parameters were studied. The results indicated that NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control. It was found that the combined application of NP, K, and Zn improved the recovery efficiency of applied nutrients, i.e., nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 230%, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) by 136%, potassium recovery efficiency (KRE) by 135%, and zinc recovery efficiency (ZnRE) by 136% compared to NP-alone application. Agronomic use efficiency of applied fertilizers, such as potassium agronomic use efficiency (KAUE) by 71%, phosphorus agronomic use efficiency (PAUE) by 72%, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAUE) by 70%, and zinc agronomic use efficiency (ZnAUE) by 72%, was observed compared to NP-alone application. The results showed that NPUE, PPUE, NPUE, and ZnPUE were reduced by 5%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, compared to NP-alone application. Our findings suggest that K and Zn should be made an essential part of wheat nutrition management for higher yield and better quality of produce.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat plant height by 13% relative to control.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat spike length by 15% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat photosynthetic rate by 44% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat water use efficiency by 60% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat transpiration rate by 63% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat stomatal conductance by 39% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus Zn increased wheat grain yield by 78% relative to control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPK+Zn balanced nutritione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK+Zn balanced nutrition increased plant height, spike length, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and grain yield by 13%, 15%, 44%, 60%, 63%, 39%, and 78%, respectively, compared with the control”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NP, K and Zn improved nitrogen recovery efficiency by 230% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne0
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 230%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of NP, K, and Zn improved the recovery efficiency of applied nutrients, i.e., nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 230%, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) by 136%, potassium recovery efficiency (KRE) by 135%, and zinc recovery efficiency (ZnRE) by 136% compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NP, K and Zn improved phosphorus recovery efficiency by 136% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne0
- Outcome
- phosphorus recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 136%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of NP, K, and Zn improved the recovery efficiency of applied nutrients, i.e., nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 230%, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) by 136%, potassium recovery efficiency (KRE) by 135%, and zinc recovery efficiency (ZnRE) by 136% compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NP, K and Zn improved potassium recovery efficiency by 135% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne0
- Outcome
- potassium recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 135%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of NP, K, and Zn improved the recovery efficiency of applied nutrients, i.e., nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 230%, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) by 136%, potassium recovery efficiency (KRE) by 135%, and zinc recovery efficiency (ZnRE) by 136% compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NP, K and Zn improved zinc recovery efficiency by 136% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne0
- Outcome
- zinc recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 136%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of NP, K, and Zn improved the recovery efficiency of applied nutrients, i.e., nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 230%, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) by 136%, potassium recovery efficiency (KRE) by 135%, and zinc recovery efficiency (ZnRE) by 136% compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium agronomic use efficiency was 71% greater than with NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- potassium agronomic use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 71%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic use efficiency of applied fertilizers, such as potassium agronomic use efficiency (KAUE) by 71%, phosphorus agronomic use efficiency (PAUE) by 72%, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAUE) by 70%, and zinc agronomic use efficiency (ZnAUE) by 72%, was observed compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus agronomic use efficiency was 72% greater than with NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- phosphorus agronomic use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic use efficiency of applied fertilizers, such as potassium agronomic use efficiency (KAUE) by 71%, phosphorus agronomic use efficiency (PAUE) by 72%, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAUE) by 70%, and zinc agronomic use efficiency (ZnAUE) by 72%, was observed compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen agronomic use efficiency was 70% greater than with NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic use efficiency of applied fertilizers, such as potassium agronomic use efficiency (KAUE) by 71%, phosphorus agronomic use efficiency (PAUE) by 72%, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAUE) by 70%, and zinc agronomic use efficiency (ZnAUE) by 72%, was observed compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc agronomic use efficiency was 72% greater than with NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- zinc agronomic use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic use efficiency of applied fertilizers, such as potassium agronomic use efficiency (KAUE) by 71%, phosphorus agronomic use efficiency (PAUE) by 72%, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAUE) by 70%, and zinc agronomic use efficiency (ZnAUE) by 72%, was observed compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
NPUE was reduced by 5% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- NPUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPUE, PPUE, NPUE, and ZnPUE were reduced by 5%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
PPUE was reduced by 3% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- PPUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPUE, PPUE, NPUE, and ZnPUE were reduced by 5%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
A second NPUE entry was reduced by 3% relative to NP alone, as stated.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- NPUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPUE, PPUE, NPUE, and ZnPUE were reduced by 5%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnPUE was reduced by 5% relative to NP alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combined application of NP, K, and Zne2
- Outcome
- ZnPUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- NP-alone applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPUE, PPUE, NPUE, and ZnPUE were reduced by 5%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, compared to NP-alone application”
e1“Wheat was used as a test crop”
e2“combined application of NP, K, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend potassium and zinc in wheat nutrition management for higher yield and produce quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- K and Zn should be made an essential part of wheat nutrition managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K and Zn should be made an essential part of wheat nutrition management for higher yield and better quality of produce”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.