Abstract
The cuticular wax that covers the surfaces of plants is the first barrier against environmental stresses and increasingly accumulates with light exposure. However, the molecular basis of light-responsive wax biosynthesis remains elusive. In grape (Vitis vinifera), light exposure resulted in higher wax terpenoid content and lower decay and abscission rates than controls kept in darkness. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing and RNA-seq data were integrated to draw the chromatin accessibility and cis-elements regulatory map to identify the potential action sites. Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The interaction between VvHYH and the open chromatin of VvTPS12 was confirmed qualitatively using a dual luciferase assay and quantitatively using surface plasma resonance, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.81 nm identified via the latter approach. Molecular docking simulation implied the structural nature of this interaction, indicating that 24 amino acid residues of VvHYH, including Arg106A, could bind to the VvTPS12 G-box cis-element. VvGATA24 directly bound to the open chromatin of VvHMGR2, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.59 nm. Twelve amino acid residues of VvGATA24, including Pro218B, interacted with the VvHMGR2 GATA-box cis-element. Our work characterizes the mechanism underlying light-mediated wax terpenoid biosynthesis and provides gene targets for future molecular breeding.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Light exposure raised grape wax terpenoid content relative to darkness.
- Taxon
- grape (Vitis vinifera)
Vitis viniferae0 - Treatment
- light exposuree0
- Outcome
- wax terpenoid contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controls kept in darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In grape (Vitis vinifera), light exposure resulted in higher wax terpenoid content and lower decay and abscission rates than controls kept in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light exposure lowered grape decay rate relative to darkness.
- Taxon
- grape (Vitis vinifera)Vitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- light exposuree0
- Outcome
- decaye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controls kept in darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In grape (Vitis vinifera), light exposure resulted in higher wax terpenoid content and lower decay and abscission rates than controls kept in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light exposure lowered grape abscission rate relative to darkness.
- Taxon
- grape (Vitis vinifera)Vitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- light exposuree0
- Outcome
- abscission ratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controls kept in darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In grape (Vitis vinifera), light exposure resulted in higher wax terpenoid content and lower decay and abscission rates than controls kept in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
VvTPS12 was identified as a grape wax biosynthesis target.
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
VvHMGR2 was identified as a grape wax biosynthesis target.
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
VvHYH was identified as a terpenoid biosynthesis activator.
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
VvGATA24 was identified as a terpenoid biosynthesis activator.
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression increased wax crystals and wax terpenoid content in grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Organ / stage
- berriese0
- Treatment
- transiently overexpressede0
- Outcome
- more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression increased wax crystals and wax terpenoid content in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- transiently overexpressede0
- Outcome
- more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
VvHYH interacted with VvTPS12 open chromatin, with a dissociation constant of 2.81 nm.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Gene
- VvHYHe0
- Outcome
- interaction between VvHYH and the open chromatin of VvTPS12e0
- Value
- 2.81 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between VvHYH and the open chromatin of VvTPS12 was confirmed qualitatively using a dual luciferase assay and quantitatively using surface plasma resonance, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.81 nm identified via the latter approach.”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking suggested 24 VvHYH residues could bind the VvTPS12 G-box.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Gene
- VvHYHe0
- Outcome
- bind to the VvTPS12 G-box cis-elemente0
- Value
- 24 amino acid residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Molecular docking simulation implied the structural nature of this interaction, indicating that 24 amino acid residues of VvHYH, including Arg106A, could bind to the VvTPS12 G-box cis-element.”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
Claim · model-written summary
VvGATA24 bound VvHMGR2 open chromatin with an 8.59 nm dissociation constant.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Gene
- VvGATA24e0
- Outcome
- bound to the open chromatin of VvHMGR2e0
- Value
- 8.59 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VvGATA24 directly bound to the open chromatin of VvHMGR2, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.59 nm.”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve VvGATA24 residues interacted with the VvHMGR2 GATA-box.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Gene
- VvGATA24e0
- Outcome
- interacted with the VvHMGR2 GATA-box cis-elemente0
- Value
- Twelve amino acid residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve amino acid residues of VvGATA24, including Pro218B, interacted with the VvHMGR2 GATA-box cis-element.”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
The same questions in other papers
light · yield · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
light · molecular: metabolites · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.