Abstract
Efforts to enhance wheat quality without compromising yield are imperative in the context of climate change. However, the quantification of management measures that simultaneously elevate wheat protein concentration, especially its components, while maintaining yield has been scarcely addressed due to its inherent complexity. In this study, we investigated the impact of various combinations of sowing dates, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation on improving the protein concentration of strong gluten winter wheat (Jimai 20) using a validated wheat grain protein component simulation model in Tai'an, Shandong. Our results indicate that climate change between 2031 and 2060 is anticipated to cause a significant decrease in wheat yield and an increase in wheat protein concentration compared to the period from 1981 to 2010. Albumin and globulin are projected to decrease, while gliadin and glutenin are expected to increase, respectively. The average glutenin-to-gliadin ratio in the baseline is 1.096, whereas in scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, it is 1.093 and 1.102, respectively. Adapted measures can effectively synergize to enhance both wheat protein quality and yield under climate change. Specifically, delaying sowing and reducing nitrogen application to 210–240 kg·ha−1 with 200–240 mm of irrigation contribute to maintaining yields at the current conventional treatment level. Furthermore, these practices result in a 3.89 % and 0.13 % increase in grain protein concentration, and a 1.19 % and 6.02 % enhancement in the glutenin-to-gliadin ratio under scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, respectively, compared to conventional treatments. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into practical strategies for synergistically improving wheat yield and protein quality in the face of climate change.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Climate change in 2031–2060 is projected to significantly decrease wheat yield versus 1981–2010.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- climate change between 2031 and 2060e0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- period from 1981 to 2010e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“climate change between 2031 and 2060 is anticipated to cause a significant decrease in wheat yield and an increase in wheat protein concentration compared to the period from 1981 to 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Climate change in 2031–2060 is projected to increase wheat protein concentration versus 1981–2010.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- climate change between 2031 and 2060e0
- Outcome
- wheat protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- period from 1981 to 2010e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“climate change between 2031 and 2060 is anticipated to cause a significant decrease in wheat yield and an increase in wheat protein concentration compared to the period from 1981 to 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Albumin and globulin are projected to decrease.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Albumin and globuline0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Albumin and globulin are projected to decrease”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gliadin and glutenin are projected to increase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- gliadin and glutenine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gliadin and glutenin are expected to increase”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Baseline glutenin-to-gliadin ratio was 1.096.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glutenin-to-gliadin ratioe0
- Value
- 1.096e0
- Qualifier
- baselinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average glutenin-to-gliadin ratio in the baseline is 1.096”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutenin-to-gliadin ratio was 1.093 under SSP2–4.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glutenin-to-gliadin ratioe1
- Value
- 1.093e0
- Qualifier
- SSP2–4.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, it is 1.093 and 1.102, respectively”
t0“wheat protein”
e1“The average glutenin-to-gliadin ratio in the baseline is 1.096”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutenin-to-gliadin ratio was 1.102 under SSP5–8.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glutenin-to-gliadin ratioe1
- Value
- 1.102e0
- Qualifier
- SSP5–8.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, it is 1.093 and 1.102, respectively”
t0“wheat protein”
e1“The average glutenin-to-gliadin ratio in the baseline is 1.096”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing with 210–240 kg·ha−1 nitrogen and 200–240 mm irrigation maintained wheat yield at conventional level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying sowing and reducing nitrogen application to 210–240 kg·ha−1 with 200–240 mm of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
- Comparator
- current conventional treatment levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delaying sowing and reducing nitrogen application to 210–240 kg·ha−1 with 200–240 mm of irrigation contribute to maintaining yields at the current conventional treatment level”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted practices increased grain protein concentration by 3.89% under SSP2–4.5 versus conventional treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delaying sowing and reducing nitrogen application to 210–240 kg·ha−1 with 200–240 mm of irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.89 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these practices result in a 3.89 % and 0.13 % increase in grain protein concentration”
t0“wheat”
e1“delaying sowing and reducing nitrogen application to 210–240 kg·ha−1 with 200–240 mm of irrigation contribute to maintaining yields at the current conventional treatment level”
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted practices increased grain protein concentration by 0.13% under SSP5–8.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.13 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these practices result in a 3.89 % and 0.13 % increase in grain protein concentration”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted practices enhanced glutenin-to-gliadin ratio by 1.19% under SSP2–4.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glutenin-to-gliadin ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 1.19 %e0
- Qualifier
- SSP2–4.5e0
- Comparator
- conventional treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 1.19 % and 6.02 % enhancement in the glutenin-to-gliadin ratio under scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, respectively, compared to conventional treatments”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted practices enhanced glutenin-to-gliadin ratio by 6.02% under SSP5–8.5.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glutenin-to-gliadin ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 6.02 %e0
- Qualifier
- SSP5–8.5e0
- Comparator
- conventional treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 1.19 % and 6.02 % enhancement in the glutenin-to-gliadin ratio under scenarios SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, respectively, compared to conventional treatments”
t0“wheat”
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