Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are predicted to be affected by rising CO2 concentrations, drought and temperature stress. The C3 crop model in a changing climate is Chenopodium quinoa Willd—a protein-rich pseudohalphyte (Amaranthaceae). Morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on quinoa grown at ambient (400 ppm, aCO2) and elevated (800 ppm, eCO2) CO2 concentrations, drought (D) and/or high temperature (eT) treatments. Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA). Futhermore, compensation mechanisms played an important protective role against eT or eCO2. The disruption of the PSII function was accompanied by the activation of the expression of PGR5, a gene of PSI cyclic electron transport (CET). Wherein under these conditions, the constant Rubisco content was maintained due to an increase in its biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the activation of rbcL gene expression. In addition, the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO2+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET. In summary, results show that the greatest stress experienced by C. quinoa plants was caused by drought and the combined stresses D+eT and eCO2+D+eT. Thus, drought consistently played a decisive role, leading to increased oxidative stress and a decrease in defense mechanism effectiveness.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- stress responsee1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Comparator
- single factorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e1“Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disturbed light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) of quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis)e1
- Comparator
- single factorse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e1“Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased oxidative stress (MDA) in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- oxidative stress (MDA)e1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- single factorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e1“Among the single factors, drought caused the greatest stress response, inducing disturbances in the light and dark photosynthesis reactions (PSII, apparent photosynthesis) and increasing oxidative stress (MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rubisco content was maintained under these conditions through increased Rubisco biosynthesis, confirmed by rbcL expression.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Gene
- rbcLe2
- Outcome
- Rubisco contente2
- Qualifier
- an increase in its biosynthesise2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e2“the constant Rubisco content was maintained due to an increase in its biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the activation of rbcL gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of PSII function was accompanied by activation of PGR5 expression.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Gene
- PGR5e3
- Outcome
- expression of PGR5e3
- Direction
- activatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e3“The disruption of the PSII function was accompanied by the activation of the expression of PGR5, a gene of PSI cyclic electron transport (CET)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress treatments caused increased oxidative stress in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress treatmentse4
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e4“the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO2+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress treatments decreased water use efficiency in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress treatmentse4
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e4“the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO2+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress treatments had the greatest negative effect on the functioning of protective mechanisms in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress treatmentse4
- Outcome
- functioning of protective mechanismse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e4“the combined stress treatments D+eT and eCO2+D+eT caused the greatest negative effect, as measured by increased oxidative stress, decreased water use efficiency, and the functioning of protective mechanisms, such as photorespiration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII efficiency decreased in quinoa under the stress treatments.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- PSII efficiencye5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e5“decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased in quinoa under the stress treatments.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e5“decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET”
Claim · model-written summary
The increases in NPQ and decreases in PSII efficiency were not accompanied by activation of PSI cyclic electron transport protective mechanisms.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CETe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e5“decreased PSII efficiency and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were not accompanied by the activation of protective mechanisms involving PSI CET”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: oxidative · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.