Abstract
Eco-friendly and sustainable practices must be followed while using the right plants and microbes to remove harmful heavy metals from the soil. The goal of the current study was to ascertain how effectively sorghum plants removed cadmium (Cd) from the soil using polyamines and mycorrhiza. Plant-biochemicals such as free amino acids, ascorbic acids, anthocyanin, proline, and catalase, APX, peroxidase activities were considered as markers in this study which revealed the adverse plant growth performance under 70 and 150 ppm of Cd concentration (w/w) after 30,60, and 90 days of treatment. The plants showed a mitigating effect against high Cd-concentration with exogenous use of mycorrhiza and putrescine. The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd). Anthocyanin content was negatively correlated (-0.503, -0.556, and -0.613) at p < 0.01 with other studied markers, with an increase by 10.52% in T17 treated plant as compared to T12. The concentration of Cd in root increased by 49.6% (141 ppm) and decreased in the shoot by 71% (17.8 ppm) in T17 treated plant as compared to T12 after 90 days. The application of mycorrhiza and putrescine significantly increased BCF (>1) and decreased TF (<1) for Cd translocation. The administration of mycorrhiza and putrescine boosted the Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants, according to FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis. As a result, this study demonstrates novel approaches for induced phytoremediation activity of plants via mycorrhiza and putrescine augmentation, which can be a promising option for efficient bioremediation in contaminated sites.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza plus 5 mM putrescine substantially decreased total free amino acid content by 228.36% relative to 150 ppm Cd after 90 days
- Treatment
- T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine)e1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- content of total free amino acide1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 228.36%e1
- Comparator
- T12 (150 ppm Cd)e1
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e1“The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza plus 5 mM putrescine substantially decreased ascorbic acid by 39.79% relative to 150 ppm Cd after 90 days
- Treatment
- T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine)e1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 39.79%e1
- Comparator
- T12 (150 ppm Cd)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e1“The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza plus 5 mM putrescine substantially decreased catalase activity by 59.06% relative to 150 ppm Cd after 90 days
- Treatment
- T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine)e1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- catalasee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 59.06%e1
- Comparator
- T12 (150 ppm Cd)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e1“The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza plus 5 mM putrescine substantially decreased APX activity by 182.79% relative to 150 ppm Cd after 90 days
- Treatment
- T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine)e1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- APXe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 182.79%e1
- Comparator
- T12 (150 ppm Cd)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e1“The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza plus 5 mM putrescine substantially decreased peroxidase activity by 106.97% relative to 150 ppm Cd after 90 days
- Treatment
- T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine)e1
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae1symbiont
- Outcome
- peroxidasee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 106.97%e1
- Comparator
- T12 (150 ppm Cd)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e1“The treatment T17 (mycorrhiza +5 mM putrescine) showed a substantial decrease in the content of total free amino acid, ascorbic acid, catalase, APX, peroxidase by 228.36%, 39.79%, 59.06%, 182.79% 106.97%, respectively after 90 days as compared to T12 (150 ppm Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content was negatively correlated with the other studied markers at p < 0.01
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin contente2
- Direction
- negatively correlatede2
- Value
- -0.503e2
- Qualifier
- at p < 0.01 with other studied markerse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e2“Anthocyanin content was negatively correlated (-0.503, -0.556, and -0.613) at p < 0.01 with other studied markers, with an increase by 10.52% in T17 treated plant as compared to T12”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content increased by 10.52% in T17-treated plants compared with T12
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e2“Anthocyanin content was negatively correlated (-0.503, -0.556, and -0.613) at p < 0.01 with other studied markers, with an increase by 10.52% in T17 treated plant as compared to T12”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration in roots increased by 49.6% under mycorrhiza plus putrescine compared with T12
- Treatment
- T17e3
- Compound
- Cde3
- Outcome
- concentration of Cd in roote3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 49.6%e3
- Comparator
- T12e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e3“The concentration of Cd in root increased by 49.6% (141 ppm) and decreased in the shoot by 71% (17.8 ppm) in T17 treated plant as compared to T12 after 90 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration in shoots decreased by 71% under mycorrhiza plus putrescine compared with T12
- Treatment
- T17e3
- Compound
- Cde3
- Outcome
- concentration of Cde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 71%e3
- Qualifier
- in the shoote3
- Comparator
- T12e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e3“The concentration of Cd in root increased by 49.6% (141 ppm) and decreased in the shoot by 71% (17.8 ppm) in T17 treated plant as compared to T12 after 90 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and putrescine significantly increased the bioconcentration factor (BCF) above 1
- Treatment
- application of mycorrhiza and putrescinee4
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae4symbiont
- Outcome
- BCFe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- >1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e4“The application of mycorrhiza and putrescine significantly increased BCF (>1) and decreased TF (<1) for Cd translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and putrescine significantly decreased the translocation factor (TF) below 1
- Treatment
- application of mycorrhiza and putrescinee4
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae4symbiont
- Outcome
- TFe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- <1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e4“The application of mycorrhiza and putrescine significantly increased BCF (>1) and decreased TF (<1) for Cd translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and putrescine boosted the Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants
- Treatment
- administration of mycorrhiza and putrescinee5
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae5symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd removal efficiencye5
- Direction
- boostede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e5“The administration of mycorrhiza and putrescine boosted the Cd removal efficiency of sorghum plants, according to FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and putrescine augmentation is a promising option for phytoremediation of contaminated sites
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in sorghum plant”
e6“this study demonstrates novel approaches for induced phytoremediation activity of plants via mycorrhiza and putrescine augmentation, which can be a promising option for efficient bioremediation in contaminated sites”
The same questions in other papers
putrescine · molecular: metabolites · SorghumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
mycorrhiza · molecular: metabolites · SorghumResults agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.