Abstract
Arsenic (As), an environmental pollutant, imposes toxic impacts on plant health. In recent years, researchers have focused on comprehending the As-induced intrusion in growth and metabolic components. However, the interactions between phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) remain elusive, specifically in rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of P and Si on the defense mechanisms, nutrients accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism, gibberellic acid (GA3) synthesis, and growth responses in Indica rice cultivars (landrace and improved) under As stress. With this focus, our study potentially indicated that As stress (150 µM) negatively impacted the underlying physiological and growth traits, with more pronounced effects on the improved cultivar compared to the landrace. However, P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis. Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace, including superoxide dismutase (+36.47%, +24.43%), ascorbate peroxidase (+95.11%, +78.26%), along with non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (+29.43%, +21.48%), and reduced glutathione (+75.45%, +62.34%) concentrations, respectively. Notably, GA concentration (+23.78%, +16.48%) was substantially increased by the cumulative application of P and Si under As stress in both cultivars but more conspicuous in the landrace, respectively. Further, employing GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM), substantiated the input of GA-mediated As tolerance, wherein, PBZ reversed the impacts of P and Si on the endogenous GA concentration and defense metabolism. In summation, landrace outperformed improved cultivar leading to As tolerance. This implies that the landrace could be used for future breeding programs permitting in-depth considerations of P and Si-mediated GA3 synthesis under As stress conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic stress impaired physiological and growth traits more strongly in the improved rice cultivar than the landrace.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- improved cultivare0
- Treatment
- As stress (150 µM)e0
- Outcome
- physiological and growth traitse0
- Direction
- negatively impactede0
- Comparator
- landracee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As stress (150 µM) negatively impacted the underlying physiological and growth traits, with more pronounced effects on the improved cultivar compared to the landrace.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus or silicon treatment reduced oxidative stress under arsenic stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus or silicon improved rice defense mechanisms under arsenic stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- defense mechanismse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus or silicon improved gibberellic acid synthesis under arsenic stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- GA synthesise0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P (30 mg kg−1 soil) and/ or Si (1 mM) treatments have prominently reduced oxidative stress with improved defense mechanisms and GA synthesis.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase increased by 36.47% in landrace rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +36.47%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (+36.47%, +24.43%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase increased by 24.43% in improved rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +24.43%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (+36.47%, +24.43%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase increased by 95.11% in landrace rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +95.11%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (+95.11%, +78.26%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase increased by 78.26% in improved rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +78.26%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (+95.11%, +78.26%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate concentration rose by 29.43% in landrace rice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate (+29.43%, +21.48%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate concentration rose by 21.48% in improved rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ascorbatee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +21.48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate (+29.43%, +21.48%)”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced glutathione concentration rose by 75.45% in landrace rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee1
- Outcome
- reduced glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +75.45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced glutathione (+75.45%, +62.34%) concentrations”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced glutathione concentration rose by 62.34% in improved rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- +62.34%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced glutathione (+75.45%, +62.34%) concentrations”
e1“Modulation of enzymatic defense system increased in both cultivars but more pronounced in landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined phosphorus and silicon increased gibberellic acid concentration by 23.78% in landrace rice under arsenic stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee0
- Treatment
- cumulative application of P and Sie0
- Outcome
- GA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +23.78%e0
- Qualifier
- under As stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA concentration (+23.78%, +16.48%) was substantially increased by the cumulative application of P and Si under As stress in both cultivars but more conspicuous in the landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined phosphorus and silicon increased gibberellic acid concentration by 16.48% in improved rice under arsenic stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cumulative application of P and Sie0
- Outcome
- GA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +16.48%e0
- Qualifier
- under As stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA concentration (+23.78%, +16.48%) was substantially increased by the cumulative application of P and Si under As stress in both cultivars but more conspicuous in the landrace”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol reversed phosphorus and silicon effects on endogenous gibberellic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous GA concentratione0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- P and Sie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM), substantiated the input of GA-mediated As tolerance, wherein, PBZ reversed the impacts of P and Si on the endogenous GA concentration and defense metabolism.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol reversed phosphorus and silicon effects on defense metabolism.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM)e0
- Outcome
- defense metabolisme0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- P and Sie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paclobutrazol (PBZ; 10 µM), substantiated the input of GA-mediated As tolerance, wherein, PBZ reversed the impacts of P and Si on the endogenous GA concentration and defense metabolism.”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The landrace had greater arsenic tolerance than the improved cultivar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee0
- Outcome
- As tolerancee0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- improved cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“landrace outperformed improved cultivar leading to As tolerance”
t0“rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose the landrace for future breeding programs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- landracee0
- Outcome
- could be used for future breeding programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the landrace could be used for future breeding programs”
t0“rice cultivars”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.