Abstract
Chemical fertilizers are widely used to meet the nutritional needs of crops and increase yields; but, due to their high cost and abuse, certain adverse effects are causing the soil to deteriorate. A decline in soil organic carbon is being addressed through the use of vermicompost and farmyard manure as organic amendments, potentially reducing chemical fertilizer usage and ensuring sustainable crop nutrient supply. A study utilizing cattle farmyard manure and vermicompost, along with reduced chemical fertilizers, demonstrated that organic inputs significantly enhance tomato growth, physiology, yield, nutritional, and defense attributes. The study found that using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%), number of branches (26.7%), number of leaves (18.1%), fruit weight (30.7%), yield (89.4%), ascorbate peroxidase (15.4%), carotenoids (11.6%), vitamin C (15.4%), lycopene (17.2%), superoxide dismutase (18.5%), total antioxidant activity (55.4%), total soluble solids (9.9%), and vitamin C 7.9% in tomatoes, potentially reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. In addition, soil pH was slightly neutralized and soil organic carbon and available N, P, and K status of soils significantly improved. Tomatoes with higher levels of ascorbate peroxidase, carotenoids, lycopene, superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant activity, total soluble solids, and vitamin C, showed higher yields.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic inputs and reduced fertilizer increased plant height by 14.2%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased branch number by 26.7%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“number of branches (26.7%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased leaf number by 18.1%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 18.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“number of leaves (18.1%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased fruit weight by 30.7%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 30.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit weight (30.7%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased yield by 89.4%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 89.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield (89.4%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased ascorbate peroxidase by 15.4%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (15.4%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased carotenoids by 11.6%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 11.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carotenoids (11.6%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased vitamin C by 15.4%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vitamin C (15.4%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased lycopene by 17.2%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- lycopenee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 17.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lycopene (17.2%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased superoxide dismutase by 18.5%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 18.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (18.5%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased total antioxidant activity by 55.4%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- total antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 55.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total antioxidant activity (55.4%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased total soluble solids by 9.9%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble solids (9.9%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased a second stated vitamin C result by 7.9%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 7.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vitamin C 7.9% in tomatoes”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
e1“using farmyard manure and vermicompost in combination with reduced chemical fertilizers significantly increased plant height (14.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was slightly neutralized.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- neutralizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil pH was slightly neutralized”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon and available N, P and K significantly improved.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon and available N, P, and K status of soilse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil organic carbon and available N, P, and K status of soils significantly improved.”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomatoes with higher antioxidant and quality attributes showed higher yields.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Compound
- carotenoidse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomatoes with higher levels of ascorbate peroxidase, carotenoids, lycopene, superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant activity, total soluble solids, and vitamin C, showed higher yields.”
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