Abstract
Agronomy biofortification is an important crop management strategy to enhance concentrations of micronutrients in edible portions. The availability of micronutrients for plant uptake is reduced by the high salinity, pH, and lime of soils. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most appropriate time and the best ratio of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) consumption during the wheat growth stages in a saline and calcareous soil. The experiment consisted of two factors with four levels; 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg Zn ha−1 as Zn0, Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3 respectively, and 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg Fe ha−1 as Fe0, Fe1, Fe2, and Fe3 respectively, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application were significant on the wheat yield indices and concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and grain. The simultaneous application of 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1 caused significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thousand kernel weight (9.1%) and subsequently grain yield (23.4%) compared to the control treatment. The Zn concentration in the wheat shoot during tillering (37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1) was higher than the other two growth stages (elongation (29.2–40.8 mg Zn kg−1) and booting (20.0–31.0 mg Zn kg−1)). While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1). Because of the high calcium carbonate, salinity and Zn- deficient soil of the experimental site, the Zn concentration in wheat grain was obtained in a range of 3 to 19 mg kg−1. The results clarified that the fertilizer application of 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 can be proportionally and simultaneously increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat grain by 100%. Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn fertilizer interaction significantly affected wheat yield indices.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Fe and Zn fertilizers applicatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yield indicese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the interaction effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application were significant on the wheat yield indices and concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and grain.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn fertilizer interaction significantly affected Fe and Zn concentrations in wheat shoots and grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe and Zn fertilizers applicatione0
- Outcome
- concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and graine0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the interaction effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application were significant on the wheat yield indices and concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and grain.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
120 kg Zn ha−1 plus 5 kg Fe ha−1 improved thousand kernel weight by 9.1% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1e0
- Outcome
- thousand kernel weighte0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous application of 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1 caused significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thousand kernel weight (9.1%) and subsequently grain yield (23.4%) compared to the control treatment.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
120 kg Zn ha−1 plus 5 kg Fe ha−1 improved grain yield by 23.4% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 23.4%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous application of 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1 caused significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thousand kernel weight (9.1%) and subsequently grain yield (23.4%) compared to the control treatment.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot Zn concentration at tillering was 37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1, higher than at later stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- tilleringe0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in the wheat shoote0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Zn concentration in the wheat shoot during tillering (37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1) was higher than the other two growth stages (elongation (29.2–40.8 mg Zn kg−1) and booting (20.0–31.0 mg Zn kg−1)).”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot Fe concentration was highest at stem elongation, 98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem elongation stagee0
- Outcome
- Fe concentration in wheat shootse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1).”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot Fe concentration at booting was 91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- booting stagee0
- Outcome
- Fe concentration in wheat shootse0
- Value
- 91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1).”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot Fe concentration was lowest at tillering, 80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- tilleringe0
- Outcome
- Fe concentration in wheat shootse0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1).”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain Zn concentration ranged from 3 to 19 mg kg−1 at the study site.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration in wheat graine0
- Value
- 3 to 19 mg kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- high calcium carbonate, salinity and Zn- deficient soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Because of the high calcium carbonate, salinity and Zn- deficient soil of the experimental site, the Zn concentration in wheat grain was obtained in a range of 3 to 19 mg kg−1.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
30 kg Zn ha−1 plus 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 increased wheat grain Fe concentration by 100%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1e0
- Outcome
- concentration of Fee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results clarified that the fertilizer application of 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 can be proportionally and simultaneously increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat grain by 100%.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
30 kg Zn ha−1 plus 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 increased wheat grain Zn concentration by 100%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Zn in wheat graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results clarified that the fertilizer application of 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 can be proportionally and simultaneously increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat grain by 100%.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare to improve wheat yield and quality in calcareous and saline soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectaree0
- Outcome
- indices of wheat yielde0
- Setting
- calcareous and saline soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported yield increase under the proposed fertilizer regime was 619 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectaree0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 619 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported thousand kernel weight increase under the proposed fertilizer regime was 8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectaree0
- Outcome
- thousand kernel weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils.”
t0“Agronomy biofortification of wheat grain in a saline and calcareous soil”
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