Abstract
Plants are often exposed to non-ideal conditions during their growth. The toxicity of heavy metals as abiotic stressors is a significant concern due to their harmful effects on plants. Glycine betaine (GB) is a potent compatible solute that helps plants resist abiotic stresses and plays a crucial role in alleviating them. This study aimed to determine the effective role of glycine betaine (0.5 and 1 mM) as a foliar treatment in sugar beet plants to cope with the toxicity of cadmium (50 mg/kg soil) and lead (100 mg/kg soil). The application of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in cultivation soil noticeably suppressed morphological growth attributes, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteins. At the same time, the aforementioned levels of heavy metals significantly increased the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics and proline) and enzymatic antioxidants (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase) in the root and shoot tissues of sugar beet plants. In contrast, the use of glycine betaine as foliar treatment at 0.5 and 1 mM alleviated the adverse impacts of cadmium and lead by promoting the aforementioned attributes. Furthermore, the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing the contents of phenolics in root by approximately 16% and 29%, phenolics in shoot by about 25% and 10%, peroxidase activity by about 82% and 116%, superoxide dismutase activity by about 56% and 47%, polyphenol oxidase activity by about 9% and 36%, catalase activity by about 19% and 25%, in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively. Additionally, it reduced the levels of proline in sugar beet tissues. Overall, the application of glycine betaine has the efficacy to counteract the adverse impacts of cadmium and lead toxicity on sugar beet plants by enhancing the metabolic indices as well as the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Lead in cultivation soil suppressed sugar beet chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteins.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Treatment
- lead (Pb)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteinse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in cultivation soil noticeably suppressed morphological growth attributes, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteins.”
e1“in sugar beet plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium in cultivation soil suppressed sugar beet chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteins.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- cadmium (Cd)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteinse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in cultivation soil noticeably suppressed morphological growth attributes, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proteins.”
e1“in sugar beet plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress significantly raised phenolics, proline, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase in sugar beet root and shoot tissue.
- Taxon
- sugar beet plantsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoot tissuese0
- Treatment
- lead (Pb)e1
- Outcome
- phenolics and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aforementioned levels of heavy metals significantly increased the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics and proline) and enzymatic antioxidants (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase) in the root and shoot tissues of sugar beet plants.”
e1“lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly raised phenolics, proline, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase in sugar beet root and shoot tissue.
- Taxon
- sugar beet plantsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoot tissuese0
- Treatment
- cadmium (Cd)e1
- Outcome
- peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aforementioned levels of heavy metals significantly increased the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics and proline) and enzymatic antioxidants (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase) in the root and shoot tissues of sugar beet plants.”
e1“lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar glycine betaine at 0.5 mM alleviated cadmium and lead impacts by promoting the previously listed attributes.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- glycine betaine as foliar treatment at 0.5e0
- Outcome
- aforementioned attributese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Comparator
- cadmium and leade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of glycine betaine as foliar treatment at 0.5 and 1 mM alleviated the adverse impacts of cadmium and lead by promoting the aforementioned attributes.”
e1“in sugar beet plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar glycine betaine at 1 mM alleviated cadmium and lead impacts by promoting the previously listed attributes.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- glycine betaine as foliar treatment at 0.5 and 1 mMe0
- Outcome
- aforementioned attributese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Comparator
- cadmium and leade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of glycine betaine as foliar treatment at 0.5 and 1 mM alleviated the adverse impacts of cadmium and lead by promoting the aforementioned attributes.”
e1“in sugar beet plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased root phenolics by approximately 16%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)
Beta vulgarist0 - Treatment
- 1 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- contents of phenolics in roote0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- approximately 16%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing the contents of phenolics in root by approximately 16% and 29%”
e1“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased root phenolics by approximately 29%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- contents of phenolics in roote0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing the contents of phenolics in root by approximately 16% and 29%”
e1“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased shoot phenolics by about 25%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- phenolics in shoote0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- about 25%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolics in shoot by about 25% and 10%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased shoot phenolics by about 10%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- phenolics in shoote0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolics in shoot by about 25% and 10%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased peroxidase activity by about 82%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- about 82%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase activity by about 82% and 116%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased peroxidase activity by about 116%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 116%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase activity by about 82% and 116%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased superoxide dismutase activity by about 56%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- about 56%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase activity by about 56% and 47%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased superoxide dismutase activity by about 47%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 47%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase activity by about 56% and 47%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased polyphenol oxidase activity by about 9%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- about 9%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyphenol oxidase activity by about 9% and 36%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased polyphenol oxidase activity by about 36%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyphenol oxidase activity by about 9% and 36%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In cadmium-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased catalase activity by about 19%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- about 19%e0
- Comparator
- cadmium-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity by about 19% and 25%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-stressed sugar beet, 1 mM GB increased catalase activity by about 25%.
- Taxon
- Beta vulgaris (L.)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- lead-stressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity by about 19% and 25%”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB was more effective in increasing”
e2“in cadmium- and lead-stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Beta vulgaris (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine reduced proline levels in sugar beet tissues.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 1 mM GBe1
- Outcome
- levels of prolinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, it reduced the levels of proline in sugar beet tissues.”
e1“the application of 1 mM GB”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: osmolytes · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cadmium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.