Abstract
Introduction Substantial previous studies have reported that fulvic acid (FA) application plays an important role in Chinese agricultural production. However, little is known about the mechanisms for using FA to increase apple trees resistance to Cd toxicity. In order to clarify the mechanism underlying FA alleviation in Cd-induced growth inhibition in apple seedlings. Methods Herein, we treated M9T337 seedlings to either 0 or 30 µM/L Cd together with 0 or 0.2 g/L FA and analyzed the root growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, carbon (C) assimilation, nitrogen (N) metabolism, and C and N transport. Results The results presented that, compared with CK (without Cd addition or FA spraying application), Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings. However, this Cd-induced root growth inhibition was significantly alleviated by FA spraying relative to the Cd treatment (Cd addition alone). On the one hand, the mitigation of inhibition effects was due to the reduced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxdiant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities in leaves and roots. On the other hand, this growth advantage demonstrated compared to the Cd treatment was found to be associated with the strengthen of photosynthetic performance and the elevation of C and N metabolism enzymes activities. Meanwhile, we also found that under Cd stress condition, the distribution of C and N nutrients in apple seedlings was optimised by FA spraying application relative to the Cd treatment, according to the results of 13 C and 15 N tracing. Conclusion Conclusively, our results suggested that the inhibitory effect of Cd on apple seedlings root growth was alleviated by FA through regulating antioxdiant capacities and C and N metabolism.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium poisoning significantly inhibited root growth of apple seedlings compared with controls without Cd or FA.
- Taxon
- apple seedlings
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- M9T337e2
- Treatment
- Cd poisoninge0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- CK (without Cd addition or FA spraying application)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“compared with CK (without Cd addition or FA spraying application)”
e2“we treated M9T337 seedlings to either 0 or 30 µM/L Cd together with 0 or 0.2 g/L FA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid spraying significantly alleviated the Cd-induced root growth inhibition relative to Cd treatment alone.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- FA sprayinge1
- Outcome
- Cd-induced root growth inhibitione1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“this Cd-induced root growth inhibition was significantly alleviated by FA spraying relative to the Cd treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid spraying enhanced antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD and CAT) activities in leaves and roots of Cd-stressed apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse2
- Treatment
- FA sprayinge1
- Gene
- SOD, POD, and CATe2
- Outcome
- antioxdiant enzymee2
- Direction
- enhancinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“this Cd-induced root growth inhibition was significantly alleviated by FA spraying relative to the Cd treatment”
e2“the mitigation of inhibition effects was due to the reduced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxdiant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities in leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The mitigation of Cd inhibition was attributed to reduced oxidative damage from enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Gene
- SOD, POD, and CATe1
- Outcome
- reduced oxidative damagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“the mitigation of inhibition effects was due to the reduced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxdiant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities in leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth advantage over Cd treatment was associated with a strengthened photosynthetic performance.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee1
- Direction
- strengthene1
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“this growth advantage demonstrated compared to the Cd treatment was found to be associated with the strengthen of photosynthetic performance and the elevation of C and N metabolism enzymes activities”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth advantage over Cd treatment was associated with elevated C and N metabolism enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- C and N metabolism enzymes activitiese1
- Direction
- elevatione1
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“this growth advantage demonstrated compared to the Cd treatment was found to be associated with the strengthen of photosynthetic performance and the elevation of C and N metabolism enzymes activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid spraying optimised the distribution of C and N nutrients in Cd-stressed apple seedlings relative to Cd treatment, per 13C and 15N tracing.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- FA spraying applicatione1
- Outcome
- distribution of C and N nutrientse1
- Direction
- optimisede1
- Qualifier
- 13 C and 15 N tracinge1
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings”
e1“the distribution of C and N nutrients in apple seedlings was optimised by FA spraying application relative to the Cd treatment, according to the results of 13 C and 15 N tracing”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.