Abstract
Biological control agent Bacillus subtilis formulated as Theia is registered for control of fungal and bacterial diseases of fruit crops. Combinations of Theia and strategic concentrations of two demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides were investigated to explore potential synergisms. Bacteria were cultured in nutrient broth and combined with technical grades and two formulations of propiconazole (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and wettable powder) and metconazole (EC and water-dispersible granule) at 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 µg/ml of active ingredient. After cocultivation, the optical density (OD 600 ) and colony forming units (CFU/ml) were evaluated. In contrast to EC formulations, the wettable powder or water-dispersible granule formulations at 10 or 50 µg/ml of both DMIs did not affect vegetative cell growth. The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingredient resulted in a significant reduction of Monilinia fructicola lesion development on apple, Colletotrichum siamense lesion development on cherry, and Botrytis cinerea lesion development on cherry. The combination of Theia with EC formulations showed weaker disease reduction due to antagonism. Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced brown rot disease incidence of apple compared with the respective solo treatments and anthracnose disease incidence of cherry compared with the untreated control. Our results indicated that at least some DMI fungicides possess bactericidal effects depending on the formulation and concentration. The combination of Theia with a lower-than-label-rate concentration (50 µg/ml) of the DMI fungicides propiconazole and metconazole showed potential for synergistic effects, especially when non-EC formulations were used.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Wettable powder or water-dispersible granule formulations of propiconazole and metconazole at 10 or 50 µg/ml did not affect B. subtilis vegetative cell growth, in contrast to EC formulations.
- Taxon
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilist0 - Treatment
- wettable powder or water-dispersible granule formulations at 10 or 50 µg/ml of both DMIse0
- Outcome
- vegetative cell growthe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Comparator
- EC formulationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacillus subtilis”
e0“In contrast to EC formulations, the wettable powder or water-dispersible granule formulations at 10 or 50 µg/ml of both DMIs did not affect vegetative cell growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At least some DMI fungicides possess bactericidal effects against B. subtilis depending on the formulation and concentration.
- Taxon
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0
- Outcome
- bactericidal effectse0
- Qualifier
- depending on the formulation and concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacillus subtilis”
e0“at least some DMI fungicides possess bactericidal effects depending on the formulation and concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml active ingredient significantly reduced Monilinia fructicola lesion development on apple.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingrediente0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicola
Monilinia fructicolae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Theiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Monilinia fructicola lesion developmente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingredient resulted in a significant reduction of Monilinia fructicola lesion development on apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml active ingredient significantly reduced Colletotrichum siamense lesion development on cherry.
- Taxon
- cherrye0
- Treatment
- The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingrediente0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum siamenseColletotrichum siamensee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Theiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Colletotrichum siamense lesion developmente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingredient resulted in a significant reduction of Monilinia fructicola lesion development on apple, Colletotrichum siamense lesion development on cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml active ingredient significantly reduced Botrytis cinerea lesion development on cherry.
- Taxon
- cherrye0
- Treatment
- The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingrediente0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Theiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Botrytis cinerea lesion developmente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of Theia and each formulated DMI at 50 µg/ml of active ingredient resulted in a significant reduction of Monilinia fructicola lesion development on apple, Colletotrichum siamense lesion development on cherry, and Botrytis cinerea lesion development on cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Theia combined with EC formulations of the DMIs showed weaker disease reduction, attributed to antagonism.
- Taxon
- Fruit Cropst1
- Treatment
- combination of Theia with EC formulationse0
- Outcome
- disease reductione0
- Direction
- weakere0
- Qualifier
- due to antagonisme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t1“Fruit Crops”
e0“The combination of Theia with EC formulations showed weaker disease reduction due to antagonism”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced brown rot disease incidence of apple compared with the respective solo treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazolee0
- Outcome
- brown rot disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- respective solo treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced brown rot disease incidence of apple compared with the respective solo treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced anthracnose disease incidence of cherry compared with the untreated control.
Verbatim
e0“Only Theia plus non-EC formulated propiconazole and metconazole significantly reduced brown rot disease incidence of apple compared with the respective solo treatments and anthracnose disease incidence of cherry compared with the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Theia combined with a lower-than-label-rate concentration (50 µg/ml) of propiconazole and metconazole showed potential for synergistic effects, especially with non-EC formulations.
Verbatim
t1“Fruit Crops”
e0“The combination of Theia with a lower-than-label-rate concentration (50 µg/ml) of the DMI fungicides propiconazole and metconazole showed potential for synergistic effects, especially when non-EC formulations were used”
The same questions in other papers
propiconazole · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
botanical · growth · Bacillus subtilisPositive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.