Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria solani, is a serious problem in tomato production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promote plant growth and inhibit plant disease. The present study explored the bio-efficacy of synergistic effect of rhizobacterial isolates and ginger powder extract (GPE) against tomato EB disease, singly and in combination. Six fungal isolates from symptomatic tomato plants were identified as A. solani on the basis of morphological features i.e., horizontal septation (6.96 to 7.93 µm), vertical septation (1.50 to 2.22 µm), conidia length (174.2 to 187.6 µm), conidial width (14.09 to 16.52 µm), beak length (93.06 to 102.26 µm), and sporulation. Five of the twenty-three bacterial isolates recovered from tomato rhizosphere soil were nonpathogenic to tomato seedlings and were compatible with each other and with GPE. Out of five isolates tested individually, three isolates (St-149D, Hyd-13Z, and Gb-T23) showed maximum inhibition (56.3%, 48.3%, and 42.0% respectively) against mycelial growth of A. solani. Among combinations, St-149D + GPE had the highest mycelial growth inhibition (76.9%) over the untreated control. Bacterial strains molecularly characterized as Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus and were further tested in pot trials through seed bacterization for disease control. Seeds treated with bacterial consortia + GPE had the highest disease suppression percentage (78.1%), followed by St-149D + GPE (72.2%) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (67.5%). Maximum seed germination was obtained in the bacterial consortia + GPE (95.0 ± 2.04) followed by St-149D + GPE (92.5 ± 1.44) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (90.0 ± 2.04) over control (73.8 ± 2.39) and chemical control as standard treatment (90.0 ± 2). Ginger powder extracts also induce the activation of defence-related enzymes (TPC, PO, PPO, PAL, and CAT) activity in tomato plants. These were highly significant in the testing bacterial inoculants against A. solani infection in tomato crops.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Six fungal isolates from symptomatic tomato plants were identified as Alternaria solani on morphological features.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- identified as A. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six fungal isolates from symptomatic tomato plants were identified as A. solani on the basis of morphological features”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial isolate St-149D inhibited mycelial growth of Alternaria solani by 56.3% in vitro.
- Treatment
- St-149De0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- St-149De0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 56.3%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three isolates (St-149D, Hyd-13Z, and Gb-T23) showed maximum inhibition (56.3%, 48.3%, and 42.0% respectively) against mycelial growth of A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial isolate Hyd-13Z inhibited mycelial growth of Alternaria solani by 48.3% in vitro.
- Treatment
- Hyd-13Ze0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hyd-13Ze0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 48.3%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three isolates (St-149D, Hyd-13Z, and Gb-T23) showed maximum inhibition (56.3%, 48.3%, and 42.0% respectively) against mycelial growth of A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial isolate Gb-T23 inhibited mycelial growth of Alternaria solani by 42.0% in vitro.
- Treatment
- Gb-T23e0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Gb-T23e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 42.0%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three isolates (St-149D, Hyd-13Z, and Gb-T23) showed maximum inhibition (56.3%, 48.3%, and 42.0% respectively) against mycelial growth of A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of isolate St-149D and ginger powder extract gave the highest mycelial growth inhibition, 76.9%, relative to the untreated control.
- Treatment
- St-149D + GPEe0
- Outcome
- mycelial growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 76.9%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Among combinations, St-149D + GPE had the highest mycelial growth inhibition (76.9%) over the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
In pot trials, seed bacterization with bacterial consortia + GPE gave a disease suppression of 78.1% against early blight in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortia + GPEe0
- Outcome
- disease suppression percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 78.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Seeds treated with bacterial consortia + GPE had the highest disease suppression percentage (78.1%), followed by St-149D + GPE (72.2%) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (67.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In pot trials, seed bacterization with St-149D + GPE gave a disease suppression of 72.2% against early blight in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- St-149D + GPEe0
- Outcome
- disease suppression percentagee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 72.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Seeds treated with bacterial consortia + GPE had the highest disease suppression percentage (78.1%), followed by St-149D + GPE (72.2%) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (67.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In pot trials, seed bacterization with Hyd-13Z + GPE gave a disease suppression of 67.5% against early blight in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hyd-13Z + GPEe0
- Outcome
- disease suppression percentagee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 67.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Seeds treated with bacterial consortia + GPE had the highest disease suppression percentage (78.1%), followed by St-149D + GPE (72.2%) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (67.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination of tomato was 95.0 ± 2.04 with bacterial consortia + GPE compared with the control (73.8 ± 2.39).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortia + GPEe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 95.0 ± 2.04e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Maximum seed germination was obtained in the bacterial consortia + GPE (95.0 ± 2.04) followed by St-149D + GPE (92.5 ± 1.44) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (90.0 ± 2.04) over control (73.8 ± 2.39) and chemical control as standard treatment (90.0 ± 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination of tomato was 92.5 ± 1.44 with St-149D + GPE compared with the control (73.8 ± 2.39).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- St-149D + GPEe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 92.5 ± 1.44e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Maximum seed germination was obtained in the bacterial consortia + GPE (95.0 ± 2.04) followed by St-149D + GPE (92.5 ± 1.44) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (90.0 ± 2.04) over control (73.8 ± 2.39) and chemical control as standard treatment (90.0 ± 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination of tomato was 90.0 ± 2.04 with Hyd-13Z + GPE compared with the control (73.8 ± 2.39).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hyd-13Z + GPEe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 90.0 ± 2.04e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Maximum seed germination was obtained in the bacterial consortia + GPE (95.0 ± 2.04) followed by St-149D + GPE (92.5 ± 1.44) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (90.0 ± 2.04) over control (73.8 ± 2.39) and chemical control as standard treatment (90.0 ± 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger powder extracts induced the activity of defence-related enzymes (TPC, PO, PPO, PAL and CAT) in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ginger powder extractse0
- Outcome
- defence-related enzymes (TPC, PO, PPO, PAL, and CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- induce the activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ginger powder extracts also induce the activation of defence-related enzymes (TPC, PO, PPO, PAL, and CAT) activity in tomato plants”
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