Abstract
Thiourea (TU) is considered an essential and emerging biostimulant against the negative impacts of severe environmental stresses, including drought stress in plants. However, the knowledge about the foliar application of TU to mitigate drought stress in Linum usitatissimum L., has yet to be discovered. The present study was designed to assess the impact of foliar application of TU for its effects against drought stress in two flax cultivars. The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)], along with TU (0, 500, 1000 mg L −1 ) application at the vegetative stage. The findings indicated that drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%). Drought stress increased both cultivars' hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Foliar application of TU (1000 mg L −1 ) enhanced the growth and chlorophyll contents with or without drought stress. Under drought stress (60% FC), TU decreased MDA and H 2 O 2 contents up to twofold. Moreover, TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars. Nevertheless, TU increased calcium (Ca 2+ ) (42.8%), potassium (K + ) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na + ) (28.2%) ions under drought stress. It is suggested that TU application (1000 mg L −1 ) enhances the growth potential of flax by enhancing photosynthetic pigment, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. Research outcomes, therefore, recommend that TU application can ameliorate drought-induced negative effects in L. usitatissimum L. seedlings, resulting in improved plant growth and mineral composition, as depicted by balanced primary and secondary metabolite accumulation.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot fresh weight by 44.2%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44.2%e0
- Comparator
- the control (100% FC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
e1“The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot dry weight by 67.5%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67.5%e0
- Comparator
- the control (100% FC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
e1“The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot length by 41.5%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41.5%e0
- Comparator
- the control (100% FC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
e1“The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced total chlorophyll by 51.6%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 51.6%e0
- Comparator
- the control (100% FC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
e1“The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced carotenoids by 58.8%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 58.8%e0
- Comparator
- the control (100% FC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
e1“The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased hydrogen peroxide and MDA in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress increased both cultivars' hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea at 1000 mg L −1 enhanced growth with or without drought.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU (1000 mg L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- with or without drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of TU (1000 mg L −1 ) enhanced the growth and chlorophyll contents with or without drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea at 1000 mg L −1 enhanced chlorophyll with or without drought.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU (1000 mg L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- with or without drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of TU (1000 mg L −1 ) enhanced the growth and chlorophyll contents with or without drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, thiourea reduced MDA and hydrogen peroxide up to twofold.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- MDA and H 2 O 2 contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- twofolde0
- Qualifier
- Under drought stress (60% FC)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought stress (60% FC), TU decreased MDA and H 2 O 2 contents up to twofold.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased catalase by 40%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU applicatione0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased peroxidase by 13%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU applicatione0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased superoxide dismutase by 30%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased soluble protein by 32.4%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TU applicatione0
- Outcome
- total soluble protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased shoot calcium by 42.8%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca 2+ )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU increased calcium (Ca 2+ ) (42.8%), potassium (K + ) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na + ) (28.2%) ions under drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased shoot potassium by 33.4%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- potassium (K + )e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU increased calcium (Ca 2+ ) (42.8%), potassium (K + ) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na + ) (28.2%) ions under drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea increased shoot phosphorus by 72%.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU increased calcium (Ca 2+ ) (42.8%), potassium (K + ) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na + ) (28.2%) ions under drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiourea decreased elevated sodium by 28.2% under drought.
- Taxon
- Linum usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- TUe0
- Outcome
- sodium (Na + )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28.2%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TU increased calcium (Ca 2+ ) (42.8%), potassium (K + ) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na + ) (28.2%) ions under drought stress.”
t0“Linum usitatissimum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend thiourea for drought stressed flax seedlings.
- Taxon
- L. usitatissimum L.Linum usitatissimume0
- Outcome
- TU application can ameliorate drought-induced negative effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommend that TU application can ameliorate drought-induced negative effects in L. usitatissimum L. seedlings, resulting in improved plant growth and mineral composition”
The same questions in other papers
thiourea · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
drought · physiology: oxidative · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
drought · physiology: pigments · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
drought · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.