Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Heavy metals (HMs) pose a serious threat to agricultural productivity. Therefore, there is a need to find sustainable approaches to combat HM stressors in agriculture. In this study, we isolated Trichoderma sp. TF-13 from metal-polluted rhizospheric soil, which has the ability to resist 1600 and 1200 μg mL –1 cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively. Owing to its remarkable metal tolerance, this fungal strain was applied for bioremediation of HMs in Vigna radiata (L.). Strain TF-13 produced siderophore, salicylic acid (SA; 43.4 μg mL –1 ) and 2,3-DHBA (21.0 μg mL –1 ), indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia, and ACC deaminase under HM stressed conditions. Increasing concentrations of tested HM ions caused severe reduction in overall growth of plants; however, Trichoderma sp. TF-13 inoculation significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased the growth and physiological traits of HM-treated V. radiata . Interestingly, Trichoderma sp. TF-13 improved germination rate (10%), root length (26%), root biomass (32%), and vigor index (12%) of V. radiata grown under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil. Additionally, Trichoderma inoculation showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b, carotenoid content, root nitrogen (N), and root phosphorus (P) of 100 μg Cd kg –1 soil-treated plants over uninoculated treatment. Furthermore, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities of Trichoderma inoculated in metal-treated plants were improved. For instance, strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants. The uptake of Pb and Cd in root/shoot tissues was decreased by 34/39 and 47/38% in fungal-inoculated and 25 μg kg –1 soil-treated plants. Thus, this study demonstrates that stabilizing metal mobility in the rhizosphere through Trichoderma inoculation significantly reduced the detrimental effects of Cd and Pb toxicity in V. radiata and also enhanced development under HM stress conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma sp. TF-13 resisted cadmium and lead concentrations of 1600 and 1200 μg mL –1.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ability to resiste0
- Value
- 1600 and 1200 μg mL –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 from metal-polluted rhizospheric soil, which has the ability to resist 1600 and 1200 μg mL –1 cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF-13 produced siderophore, salicylic acid, 2,3-DHBA, indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia and ACC deaminase under metal stress.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- produced siderophoree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strain TF-13 produced siderophore, salicylic acid (SA; 43.4 μg mL –1 ) and 2,3-DHBA (21.0 μg mL –1 ), indole-3-acetic acid, ammonia, and ACC deaminase under HM stressed conditions.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher heavy-metal ion concentrations severely reduced plant growth.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Increasing concentrations of tested HM ionse0
- Outcome
- overall growth of plantse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing concentrations of tested HM ions caused severe reduction in overall growth of plants”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inoculation significantly increased growth and physiological traits of metal-treated V. radiata.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and physiological traitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 inoculation significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased the growth and physiological traits of HM-treated V. radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil, TF-13 improved germination rate by 10%.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg Cd kg –1 soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 improved germination rate (10%), root length (26%), root biomass (32%), and vigor index (12%) of V. radiata grown under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil, TF-13 improved root length by 26%.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg Cd kg –1 soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 improved germination rate (10%), root length (26%), root biomass (32%), and vigor index (12%) of V. radiata grown under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil, TF-13 improved root biomass by 32%.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg Cd kg –1 soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 improved germination rate (10%), root length (26%), root biomass (32%), and vigor index (12%) of V. radiata grown under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil, TF-13 improved vigor index by 12%.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- vigor indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg Cd kg –1 soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma sp. TF-13 improved germination rate (10%), root length (26%), root biomass (32%), and vigor index (12%) of V. radiata grown under 25 μg Cd kg –1 soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content in cadmium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b, carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 100 μg Cd kg –1 soil-treated plantse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma inoculation showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b, carotenoid content, root nitrogen (N), and root phosphorus (P) of 100 μg Cd kg –1 soil-treated plants over uninoculated treatment.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased root nitrogen and phosphorus in cadmium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- root nitrogen (N), and root phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 100 μg Cd kg –1 soil-treated plantse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma inoculation showed a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increase in total chlorophyll, chl a, chl b, carotenoid content, root nitrogen (N), and root phosphorus (P) of 100 μg Cd kg –1 soil-treated plants over uninoculated treatment.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation improved enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities in metal-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatede0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities of Trichoderma inoculated in metal-treated plants were improved.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-treated plants, TF-13 raised proline by 37% and lipid peroxidation by 56%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- strain TF-13e0
- Interactor
- strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Qualifier
- 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-treated plants, TF-13 increased catalase by 35%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- strain TF-13e0
- Interactor
- strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-treated plants, TF-13 increased peroxidase by 42%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- strain TF-13e0
- Interactor
- strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-treated plants, TF-13 increased superoxide dismutase by 27%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- strain TF-13e0
- Interactor
- strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In lead-treated plants, TF-13 increased glutathione reductase by 39%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- strain TF-13e0
- Interactor
- strain TF-13e0symbiont
- Outcome
- glutathione reductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain TF-13 increased proline (37%), lipid peroxidation (56%), catalase (35%), peroxidase (42%), superoxide dismutase (27%), and glutathione reductase (39%) activities in 100 μg Pb kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation reduced lead uptake in roots and shoots by 34% and 39%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- fungal-inoculatede0
- Outcome
- uptake of Pbe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 34/39e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg kg –1 soil-treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The uptake of Pb and Cd in root/shoot tissues was decreased by 34/39 and 47/38% in fungal-inoculated and 25 μg kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation reduced cadmium uptake in roots and shoots by 47% and 38%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata (L.)Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- fungal-inoculatede0
- Outcome
- uptake of Pb and Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 47/38%e0
- Qualifier
- 25 μg kg –1 soil-treated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The uptake of Pb and Cd in root/shoot tissues was decreased by 34/39 and 47/38% in fungal-inoculated and 25 μg kg –1 soil-treated plants.”
t0“Vigna radiata (L.)”
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