Abstract
Soybean downgrading due to immature (green and semi-green) color at harvest, caused by frost conditions, poses a significant loss to producers and processors. After harvest, drying and storage are important for preserving the quality of the harvested produce. This study investigated the impact of drying on color change in harvested immature soybeans and the effect of the soybean moisture content, storage environment (temperature, light, and aeration), and storage period on color change and oil quality of immature soybeans. Soybeans were harvested at three different maturity stages: R6 (green) and R7 (semi-green) in pods and R8 (fully matured) in seed. The soybeans in pods were dried, shelled, and conditioned to moisture contents of 12% and 17% (wet basis) prior to storage in 12 storage chamber (box) environments. The chambers were built to have four environments of “light” and “no light” with and without aeration and were stored at temperatures of either 4 °C or 23.5 °C for 24 weeks. Samples were taken every 2 weeks for 2 months and then bimonthly in storage. Soybean color change during drying and their chlorophyll, color, peroxide value (PV), and free fatty acid (FFA) status in storage were determined. Visual observation showed that R6 (green) soybean color faded after 48 h drying, which was supported with a colorimeter reading as the “a” value increased from −8.89 to −3.83 and −8.89 to −1.71 with 37 °C and 27 °C drying temperatures, respectively. The ANOVA analysis showed that light had the greatest contribution (~81%) to the color change compared to the other three storage environment factors of temperature (~9.1%), aeration (~8%), and moisture content (~1.5%) with <10% separate effects. During storage, the R6 green and R7 semi-green soybean color continued to fade with color a-values that exceeded the initial values of the R8 matured (control) by 353% and 350%, respectively, by the end of the storage period. Low amounts of peroxide and free fatty acids (FFA) were recorded throughout the storage period. Only the FFA of 17% M.C. soybeans stored at 23.5 °C exceeded acceptable limits at the end of the storage period. Exposing immature (green and semi-green) soybeans to light resulted in the fading of the green color. Seed producers in regions prone to frost can extend harvest time by allowing immature soybeans to field-dry.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
R6 soybean green color faded after 48 hours of drying.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- R6 (green)e0
- Treatment
- 48 h dryinge0
- Outcome
- soybean colore0
- Direction
- fadede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R6 (green) soybean color faded after 48 h drying”
Claim · model-written summary
At 37 °C drying, the colorimeter a value rose from −8.89 to −3.83.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 37 °Ce0
- Outcome
- “a” valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- −8.89 to −3.83e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“the “a” value increased from −8.89 to −3.83 and −8.89 to −1.71 with 37 °C and 27 °C drying temperatures, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 27 °C drying, the colorimeter a value rose from −8.89 to −1.71.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 27 °Ce0
- Outcome
- “a” valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- −8.89 to −1.71e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“the “a” value increased from −8.89 to −3.83 and −8.89 to −1.71 with 37 °C and 27 °C drying temperatures, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light accounted for about 81% of storage color change.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“light had the greatest contribution (~81%) to the color change compared to the other three storage environment factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature accounted for about 9.1% of storage color change.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- separate effectse0
- Value
- ~9.1%e0
- Setting
- temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“temperature (~9.1%), aeration (~8%), and moisture content (~1.5%) with <10% separate effects.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration accounted for about 8% of storage color change.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- separate effectse0
- Value
- ~8%e0
- Setting
- aeratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“temperature (~9.1%), aeration (~8%), and moisture content (~1.5%) with <10% separate effects.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content accounted for about 1.5% of storage color change.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- separate effectse0
- Value
- ~1.5%e0
- Setting
- moisture contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“temperature (~9.1%), aeration (~8%), and moisture content (~1.5%) with <10% separate effects.”
Claim · model-written summary
R6 green soybean color continued to fade during storage, with its a-value 353% above the initial R8 control by the end.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R6 greene0
- Treatment
- storagee0
- Outcome
- color a-valuese0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 353%e0
- Comparator
- R8 matured (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During storage, the R6 green and R7 semi-green soybean color continued to fade with color a-values that exceeded the initial values of the R8 matured (control) by 353% and 350%, respectively, by the end of the storage period.”
Claim · model-written summary
R7 semi-green soybean color continued to fade during storage, with its a-value 350% above the initial R8 control by the end.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R7 semi-greene0
- Treatment
- storagee0
- Outcome
- color a-valuese0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 350%e0
- Comparator
- R8 matured (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During storage, the R6 green and R7 semi-green soybean color continued to fade with color a-values that exceeded the initial values of the R8 matured (control) by 353% and 350%, respectively, by the end of the storage period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxide remained low throughout storage.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- peroxidee0
- Qualifier
- Low amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“Low amounts of peroxide and free fatty acids (FFA) were recorded throughout the storage period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free fatty acids remained low throughout storage.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- free fatty acids (FFA)e0
- Qualifier
- Low amountse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans”
e0“Low amounts of peroxide and free fatty acids (FFA) were recorded throughout the storage period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free fatty acids exceeded acceptable limits only for 17% moisture soybeans stored at 23.5 °C at the end of storage.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- FFAe0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Qualifier
- 17% M.C.e0
- Comparator
- acceptable limitse0
- Setting
- 23.5 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only the FFA of 17% M.C. soybeans stored at 23.5 °C exceeded acceptable limits at the end of the storage period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to light faded immature soybean green color.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- green colore0
- Direction
- fadinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposing immature (green and semi-green) soybeans to light resulted in the fading of the green color.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend allowing immature soybeans to field-dry to extend harvest time in frost-prone regions.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- allowing immature soybeans to field-drye0
- Qualifier
- regions prone to froste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed producers in regions prone to frost can extend harvest time by allowing immature soybeans to field-dry.”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: postharvest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
light · quality: postharvest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
storage · quality: postharvest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.