Abstract
Abstract The widespread use of pesticides poses significant challenges to the safety of agricultural products and the ecological environment. Levan‐type fructans have the ability to act as an induced resistance stimulus, enhancing plant disease resistance, which aligns with the principles of green development. This study showed that levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide. Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani . When inoculated with F . graminearum , the content of hydrogen peroxide, proline or jasmonic acid and the activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in levan‐treated barley were higher than those in the control. In contrast, when inoculated with R . solani , the hydrogen peroxide content and peroxidase activity in levan‐treated leaves showed a faster induction than the control at the early priming and the content of proline and methyl salicylate was higher than that of the control. Thus, levan induces distinct pathways in response to different pathogens.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Levan induced stronger resistance to F. graminearum than inulin-type fructans.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- levan polysaccharidee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearume0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- inulin‐type fructanse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
Levan induced stronger resistance to F. graminearum than chitosan oligosaccharide.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- levan polysaccharidee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearume0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
seed soaking levan reduced F. graminearum necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- seed soakinge0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearume0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf spraying levan reduced F. graminearum necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- leaf sprayinge0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearume0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
their combination levan reduced F. graminearum necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- their combinatione0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearume0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
seed soaking levan reduced R. solani necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- seed soakinge0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solanie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf spraying levan reduced R. solani necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- leaf sprayinge0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solanie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
their combination levan reduced R. solani necrosis.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- their combinatione0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solanie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three different application methods of levan, namely seed soaking, leaf spraying or their combination, all decreased the necrotic areas caused by F. graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
Under F. graminearum, levan raised hydrogen peroxide, proline, and jasmonic acid.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- levan‐treatede0
- Interactor
- F . graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- content of hydrogen peroxide, proline or jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When inoculated with F . graminearum , the content of hydrogen peroxide, proline or jasmonic acid and the activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in levan‐treated barley were higher than those in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Under F. graminearum, levan raised peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- levan‐treatede0
- Interactor
- F . graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When inoculated with F . graminearum , the content of hydrogen peroxide, proline or jasmonic acid and the activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in levan‐treated barley were higher than those in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Under R. solani, levan caused faster early induction of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- levan‐treatede0
- Interactor
- R . solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide content and peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Qualifier
- at the early priminge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when inoculated with R . solani , the hydrogen peroxide content and peroxidase activity in levan‐treated leaves showed a faster induction than the control at the early priming”
e1“levan polysaccharide, produced by Halomonas smyrnnensis levansucrase, could induce the resistance of barley to Fusarium graminearum much better than inulin‐type fructans or low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide”
Claim · model-written summary
Under R. solani, levan raised proline and methyl salicylate.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- levan‐treatede1
- Interactor
- R . solaniRhizoctonia solanie2pathogene0
- Outcome
- content of proline and methyl salicylatee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of proline and methyl salicylate was higher than that of the control”
t0“barley”
e1“When inoculated with F . graminearum , the content of hydrogen peroxide, proline or jasmonic acid and the activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in levan‐treated barley were higher than those in the control”
e2“when inoculated with R . solani , the hydrogen peroxide content and peroxidase activity in levan‐treated leaves showed a faster induction than the control at the early priming”
The same questions in other papers
seed treatment · Rhizoctonia solani · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
application · Fusarium graminearum · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
seed treatment · Fusarium graminearum · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.