Abstract
The interaction between fertilizer nutrients and pesticides and their impact on tomato production and quality has been insufficiently studied in tropical agricultural conditions. This research investigated four fertilizer nutrient management (FNM) approaches: major nutrients (NPK), micronutrients, farmyard manure (FYM) and traditional farmer practices (FP), alongside three herbicides—glyphosate, pendimethalin and metribuzin applied using seven methods. Results highlighted the substantial influence of FNM strategies and herbicide applications on tomato growth and yield parameters such as plant height, cluster count, fruits per plant, fruit number and yield per plant. Notably, the NPK+FYM strategy consistently yielded superior results across herbicides and application methods. Individually applied herbicides, particularly glyphosate, exhibited detrimental effects on growth and yield parameters, and the negative impact was conspicuously higher with glyphosate > metribuzin > pendimethalin than with their sequential or combined application. While herbicides decreased tomato yield across FNM practices, the reduction ranged from 1.90–10.95%, 1.79–6.75%, 1.62–6.49% and 1.40–9.10% in NPK, NPK+MN, NPK+FYM and FP treatments, respectively. Fruit quality remained unaffected by FNM practices and herbicides, except for elevated ascorbic acid content and shelf life under NPK+FYM. Herbicide residues in tomato fruits were within permissible limits (below 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.05 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin) across treatments. This study showed that the NPK+FYM practice is the best strategy for increasing the tomato yield and quality parameters besides reducing the herbicide’s toxicity effect on tomato growth at an early stage.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus farmyard manure performed best for tomato growth and yield across herbicides and application methods.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NPK+FYMe0
- Outcome
- superior resultse0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, the NPK+FYM strategy consistently yielded superior results across herbicides and application methods.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Individually applied glyphosate harmed tomato growth and yield more than sequential or combined application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- detrimentale0
- Comparator
- their sequential or combined applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Individually applied herbicides, particularly glyphosate, exhibited detrimental effects on growth and yield parameters, and the negative impact was conspicuously higher with glyphosate > metribuzin > pendimethalin than with their sequential or combined application.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides reduced tomato yield under NPK by 1.90–10.95%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.90–10.95%e0
- Qualifier
- NPKe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While herbicides decreased tomato yield across FNM practices, the reduction ranged from 1.90–10.95%, 1.79–6.75%, 1.62–6.49% and 1.40–9.10% in NPK, NPK+MN, NPK+FYM and FP treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides reduced tomato yield under NPK plus micronutrients by 1.79–6.75%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.79–6.75%e0
- Qualifier
- NPK+MNe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While herbicides decreased tomato yield across FNM practices, the reduction ranged from 1.90–10.95%, 1.79–6.75%, 1.62–6.49% and 1.40–9.10% in NPK, NPK+MN, NPK+FYM and FP treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides reduced tomato yield under NPK plus farmyard manure by 1.62–6.49%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.62–6.49%e0
- Qualifier
- NPK+FYMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While herbicides decreased tomato yield across FNM practices, the reduction ranged from 1.90–10.95%, 1.79–6.75%, 1.62–6.49% and 1.40–9.10% in NPK, NPK+MN, NPK+FYM and FP treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides reduced tomato yield under farmer practice by 1.40–9.10%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.40–9.10%e0
- Qualifier
- FPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While herbicides decreased tomato yield across FNM practices, the reduction ranged from 1.90–10.95%, 1.79–6.75%, 1.62–6.49% and 1.40–9.10% in NPK, NPK+MN, NPK+FYM and FP treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality was unaffected by nutrient management and herbicides except for ascorbic acid and shelf life.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- FNM practices and herbicidese0
- Outcome
- Fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit quality remained unaffected by FNM practices and herbicides, except for elevated ascorbic acid content and shelf life under NPK+FYM.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus farmyard manure elevated tomato ascorbic acid content and shelf life.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK+FYMe0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid content and shelf lifee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit quality remained unaffected by FNM practices and herbicides, except for elevated ascorbic acid content and shelf life under NPK+FYM.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate residues in tomato fruits were below 0.1 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Herbicide residues in tomato fruitse0
- Value
- 0.1 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- glyphosatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide residues in tomato fruits were within permissible limits (below 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.05 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin) across treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin and metribuzin residues in tomato fruits were below 0.05 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Herbicide residues in tomato fruitse0
- Value
- 0.05 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- pendimethalin and metribuzine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide residues in tomato fruits were within permissible limits (below 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.05 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin) across treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend NPK plus farmyard manure for tomato yield and quality and reduced early herbicide toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- NPK+FYM practice is the best strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study showed that the NPK+FYM practice is the best strategy for increasing the tomato yield and quality parameters besides reducing the herbicide’s toxicity effect on tomato growth at an early stage.”
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