Abstract
Hail, known as an agricultural meteorological disaster, can substantially constrain the growth of the apple industry. Presently, apple orchards use a variety of colored (photo-selective) hail nets as a preventative measure. However, it is unclear which color proves most effective for apple orchards. This study provides a systematic investigation of the impact of four photo-selective colored hail nets (white, blue, black, and green; with white being the control) on the microenvironment of apple orchards, fruit tree development, fruit quality, and yield over a two-year period (2020–2021). Different photo-selective nets do not evidently alter the intensity of light, although the nets’ shading effects decrease in the order from black to green to blue. Among them, blue nets increased the proportion of blue light, while green nets enhanced the proportion of green light. On the other hand, black, green, and blue nets diminished the proportion of red and far-red light. Such photo-selective nets effectively lowered soil temperature but did not have an impact on relative humidity and air temperature. Encasing apple trees with blue nets promoted growth, increasing shoot length, thickness, leaf area, and water content, while simultaneously decreasing leaf thickness. Black nets had comparable effects, although the impacts of green nets were inconsistent. Different photo-selective nets did not significantly influence the leaf shape index or overall chlorophyll content. However, black and green nets reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio, while blue nets slightly boosted this ratio. Additionally, blue nets proved beneficial for apple trees’ photosynthesis. With the employment of a principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation, this study concludes that blue nets offer the most favorable environmental conditions for apple growth while protecting apple orchards against hail, compared to black, white, and green nets.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Different colored nets did not evidently alter light intensity.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- photo-selective netse0
- Outcome
- intensity of lighte0
- Direction
- do not evidently altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different photo-selective nets do not evidently alter the intensity of light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Net shading decreased in the order black, green, blue.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- shading effectse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nets’ shading effects decrease in the order from black to green to blue”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets increased the proportion of blue light.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue netse0
- Outcome
- proportion of blue lighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue nets increased the proportion of blue light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Green nets increased the proportion of green light.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- green netse0
- Outcome
- proportion of green lighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green nets enhanced the proportion of green light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Black nets reduced red and far-red light proportions.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blacke0
- Outcome
- proportion of red and far-red lighte0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black, green, and blue nets diminished the proportion of red and far-red light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Green nets reduced red and far-red light proportions.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- greene0
- Outcome
- proportion of red and far-red lighte0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black, green, and blue nets diminished the proportion of red and far-red light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets reduced red and far-red light proportions.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bluee0
- Outcome
- proportion of red and far-red lighte0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black, green, and blue nets diminished the proportion of red and far-red light”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The photo-selective nets lowered soil temperature.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Such photo-selective nets effectively lowered soil temperature but did not have an impact on relative humidity and air temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
The nets did not affect relative humidity or air temperature.
- Treatment
- photo-selective netse0
- Outcome
- relative humidity and air temperaturee0
- Direction
- did not have an impacte0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Such photo-selective nets effectively lowered soil temperature but did not have an impact on relative humidity and air temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets increased apple shoot length, thickness, leaf area and water content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- blue netse0
- Outcome
- shoot length, thickness, leaf area, and water contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encasing apple trees with blue nets promoted growth, increasing shoot length, thickness, leaf area, and water content, while simultaneously decreasing leaf thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets decreased apple leaf thickness.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- blue netse0
- Outcome
- leaf thicknesse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encasing apple trees with blue nets promoted growth, increasing shoot length, thickness, leaf area, and water content, while simultaneously decreasing leaf thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Black nets had effects comparable to the blue nets.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Black netse0
- Outcome
- comparable effectse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- blue netse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encasing apple trees with blue nets promoted growth, increasing shoot length, thickness, leaf area, and water content, while simultaneously decreasing leaf thickness. Black nets had comparable effects, although the impacts of green nets were inconsistent”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Green net effects were inconsistent.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- impacts of green nets were inconsistente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the impacts of green nets were inconsistent”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Colored nets did not significantly affect apple leaf shape index or total chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- photo-selective netse0
- Outcome
- leaf shape index or overall chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- did not significantly influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different photo-selective nets did not significantly influence the leaf shape index or overall chlorophyll content”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Black nets reduced the apple chlorophyll a/b ratio.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blacke0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a/b ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black and green nets reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Green nets reduced the apple chlorophyll a/b ratio.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- greene0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a/b ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“black and green nets reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets slightly increased the apple chlorophyll a/b ratio.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- blue netse0
- Outcome
- ratioe0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue nets slightly boosted this ratio”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue nets benefited apple tree photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- blue netse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue nets proved beneficial for apple trees’ photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The evaluation favored blue nets for apple growth conditions and hail protection over black, white and green nets.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- blue nets offer the most favorable environmental conditions for apple growth while protecting apple orchards against haile0
- Comparator
- black, white, and green netse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“blue nets offer the most favorable environmental conditions for apple growth while protecting apple orchards against hail, compared to black, white, and green nets”
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