Abstract
Red pigmentation in apple peel significantly contributes to its commercial value, and bagging treatment contributes to enhancing red coloration in fruits. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying bagging-induced coloration remain largely unexplored. Through bagging treatment, this study aimed to investigate the role of DNA methylation in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the ‘Nagafu No. 2’ cultivar and its bud mutation variant, which has enhanced red coloration. We compared bagging and unbagging treatments in both the bud mutant (Mt-Bagging and Mt-NoBagging) and the wild type (Control-Bagging and Control-NoBagging). Our results demonstrated that bagging significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation while reducing chlorophyll content. At 30 days post-bag removal, anthocyanin content was highest in the Mt-Bagging group, followed by the Mt-NoBagging, Control-Bagging, and Control-NoBagging groups, and the highest level of redness (a* values) was detected in the Mt-Bagging group. Genome-wide methylation analysis revealed that differentially methylated regions predominantly targeted structural genes within the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including C4H1, C4H3, C4HL, ANS1, and ANS2. Notably, quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that the upregulation of C4HL, C4H3, and ANS1 in the bagged mutant correlated with its intensified red coloration. These findings offer novel insights into the epigenetic regulation of apple peel pigmentation during bagging cultivation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Bagging significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- bagginge0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- unbagginge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bagging significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation while reducing chlorophyll content”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bagging reduced chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- bagginge0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- unbagginge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bagging significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation while reducing chlorophyll content”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 days after bag removal, anthocyanin was highest in the bagged mutant.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Mt-Bagginge0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 30 days post-bag removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-bag removal, anthocyanin content was highest in the Mt-Bagging group, followed by the Mt-NoBagging, Control-Bagging, and Control-NoBagging groups”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The bagged mutant had the highest peel redness.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Mt-Bagginge0
- Outcome
- redness (a* values)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest level of redness (a* values) was detected in the Mt-Bagging group”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially methylated regions predominantly targeted anthocyanin pathway structural genes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Gene
- C4H1, C4H3, C4HL, ANS1, and ANS2e0
- Outcome
- differentially methylated regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differentially methylated regions predominantly targeted structural genes within the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including C4H1, C4H3, C4HL, ANS1, and ANS2”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
C4HL upregulation correlated with intensified red coloration in the bagged mutant.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- bagged mutante0
- Gene
- C4HLe0
- Outcome
- intensified red coloratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of C4HL, C4H3, and ANS1 in the bagged mutant correlated with its intensified red coloration”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
C4H3 upregulation correlated with intensified red coloration in the bagged mutant.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- bagged mutante0
- Gene
- C4H3e0
- Outcome
- intensified red coloratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of C4HL, C4H3, and ANS1 in the bagged mutant correlated with its intensified red coloration”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
ANS1 upregulation correlated with intensified red coloration in the bagged mutant.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- bagged mutante0
- Gene
- ANS1e0
- Outcome
- intensified red coloratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of C4HL, C4H3, and ANS1 in the bagged mutant correlated with its intensified red coloration”
t0“Peel Color”
e1“Red pigmentation in apple peel”
e2“We compared bagging and unbagging treatments”
The same questions in other papers
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2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.