Abstract
Effective water and fertilizer management modes (WFMMs) are crucial for mitigating non-point source pollution, enhancing grain quality, and improving resource utilization in paddy fields. Nevertheless, screening WFMMs that can effectively synergize these benefits is challenging, particularly in the wake of climate change. A two-year lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of WFMMs on water balance components, nitrogen and phosphorus loss loads, grain yield and quality, and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Four treatments were established, including flooding irrigation (FI) and alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), paired with conventional fertilizers (CF) and sulfur-coated fertilizer (SCF). A multi-criteria evaluation framework was developed to assess the potential values of WFMMs under diverse hydrological conditions using the vertical and horizontal scattering degree method. The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season. Irrigation had not a significant effect on rice yield and quality. Compared to CF, AWD significantly increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity and nitrogen recovery efficiency by 20% and 31% on average. The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF. Integration of AWD and SCF treatments demonstrates the potential for improved water productivity, yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency, along with an enhanced ability to purify pollutants. The vertical and horizontal scattering degree method assessment showed that the AWD+SCF treatment exhibits superior performance in water saving, pollution reduction, yield and quality, and nitrogen efficient utilization, which was amplified during the dry season. These findings offer novel perspectives for optimizing WFMMs under varying hydrological conditions in hilly areas of Southern China.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation had no significant effect on rice yield and quality.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- not a significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation had not a significant effect on rice yield and quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD increased irrigation during the wet season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- irrigatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 8%e0
- Qualifier
- wet seasone0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD increased drainage during the wet season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- drainagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 8%e0
- Qualifier
- wet seasone0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reducing irrigation during the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- irrigatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- dry seasone0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reducing percolation during the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- percolatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- dry seasone0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- capillary risee0
- Direction
- augmentinge0
- Qualifier
- dry seasone0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the AWD regime increased irrigation and drainage by approximately 8% compared to CF during the wet season, while reducing irrigation, percolation, and augmenting capillary rise during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD significantly increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity by 20% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation at maturitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CF, AWD significantly increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity and nitrogen recovery efficiency by 20% and 31% on average.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD significantly increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 31% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CF, AWD significantly increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity and nitrogen recovery efficiency by 20% and 31% on average.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF significantly affected nitrogen accumulation at maturity relative to CF; direction was unstated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SCFe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation at maturitye0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF significantly affected nitrogen recovery efficiency relative to CF; direction was unstated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SCFe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery efficiencye0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF significantly affected N partial factor productivity relative to CF; direction was unstated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SCFe0
- Outcome
- N partial factor productivitye0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF increased yield by 8–9% over two years compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SCFe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8–9%e0
- Qualifier
- across two yearse0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF increased protein content by ∼8% over two years compared with CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SCFe0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ∼8%e0
- Qualifier
- across two yearse0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
SCF produced higher leachate concentration than CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SCF had a significant effect on the nitrogen accumulation at maturity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, N partial factor productivity, yield (increased 8–9% across two years), and protein content (increased ∼8% across two years), but at the cost of higher leachate concentration when compared to CF.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The assessment ranked AWD+SCF superior for water saving, pollution reduction, yield and quality, and nitrogen utilization, especially in the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWD+SCF treatmente0
- Outcome
- superior performance in water saving, pollution reduction, yield and quality, and nitrogen efficient utilizatione0
- Qualifier
- amplified during the dry seasone0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The vertical and horizontal scattering degree method assessment showed that the AWD+SCF treatment exhibits superior performance in water saving, pollution reduction, yield and quality, and nitrogen efficient utilization, which was amplified during the dry season.”
e1“rice yield and quality”
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