Abstract
There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer (S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs (polymer-coated urea (PCU), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and urea formaldehyde (UF)) and two fertilization modes (both S/CRF and common urea (CU) as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer) on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control (CK). Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer>both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer>S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield ranked UF above PCU above SCU within each fertilization mode.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Nanjing 9108e2
- Treatment
- UFe0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- UF>PCU>SCUe0
- Comparator
- PCU>SCUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU within the same fertilization mode”
e2“japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Chalky kernel rate, area and overall chalkiness ranked UF above PCU above SCU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UFe0
- Outcome
- chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkinesse0
- Direction
- UF>PCU>SCUe0
- Comparator
- PCU>SCUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Gliadin, glutenin and protein content ranked UF above PCU above SCU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UFe0
- Outcome
- content of gliadin, glutenin, and proteine0
- Direction
- UF>PCU>SCUe0
- Comparator
- PCU>SCUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and chalkiness and protein measures were higher when S/CRF was basal and CU was applied at tillering than when both were basal.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
- Outcome
- trendse0
- Direction
- >e0
- Comparator
- both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer>both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Amylose, amylopectin and starch content ranked SCU above PCU above UF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SCUe0
- Outcome
- contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starche0
- Direction
- SCU>PCU>UFe0
- Comparator
- PCU>UFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Taste value ranked SCU above PCU above UF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak and hot viscosity ranked SCU above PCU above UF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SCUe0
- Outcome
- peak and hot viscositye0
- Direction
- SCU>PCU>UFe0
- Comparator
- PCU>UFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch measures, taste value and viscosities were higher when both fertilizers were basal than under split application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizere0
- Outcome
- trendse0
- Direction
- >e0
- Comparator
- S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer>S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooked-rice taste value correlated positively with amylose, amylopectin and starch contents.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- amylose, amylopectin, and starche0
- Outcome
- taste values of cooked ricee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooked-rice taste value correlated positively with gel consistency and peak, hot and cool viscosity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- cooked ricee0
- Outcome
- taste values of cooked ricee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscositye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooked-rice taste value correlated negatively with globulin, gliadin, glutenin and protein content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and proteine0
- Outcome
- taste values of cooked ricee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents”
Claim · model-written summary
UF basal plus CU at tillering gave higher rice yield than CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
UF basal plus CU at tillering gave similar rice quality to CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
- Outcome
- qualitye0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Both UF and CU as basal fertilizer produced similar yield to CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- both UF and CU as basal fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
e1“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
PCU basal plus CU at tillering produced similar yield to CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
e1“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both UF and CU as basal fertilizer improved appearance and eating and cooking quality relative to CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- both UF and CU as basal fertilizere0
- Outcome
- appearance and eating and cooking qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
PCU basal plus CU at tillering improved appearance and eating and cooking quality relative to CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizere0
- Outcome
- appearance and eating and cooking qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.