Abstract
In recent years, the levels of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils have been increasing. Cd is highly toxic and can enter the human body through the food chain, threatening human health, therefore, reducing the Cd content in vegetables and producing green and non-polluting food has become a common concern in society. However, the physiological properties of exogenous selenium in alleviating Cd stress in cabbage seedlings have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, exogenous Se (10 μMol/L) was applied under Cd (25 μMol/L) stress and the physiological characteristics such as biomass, photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, Se and Cd contents, chloroplast ultrastructure, leaf membrane esterification, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. The results showed that the exogenous application of Se could effectively alleviate the decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment, and the gas exchange characteristics of the cabbage seedlings under Cd stress, improve cabbage root vitality, reduce root leaf Cd content, and alleviate the Cd stress-induced damage. Ultrastructural observation showed that the Cd stress caused the disruption to the chloroplasts’ internal structure in the cabbage leaves, while an exogenous Se treatment alleviated the chloroplast damage to some extent, improved the stability of the inner capsule membrane, and alleviated the Cd stress-induced damage to the photosynthetic organs. Cd stress also caused oxidative damage and the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaves of cabbage seedlings, as evidenced by the significant accumulation of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage. On the other hand, after the exogenous Se treatment, the Cd stress-induced oxidative damage could be reduced by up-regulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). At the same time, Cd stress significantly increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and the exogenous Se treatment further increased the GSH levels, thereby increasing the tolerance of the cabbage to Cd stress. In conclusion, exogenous Se can further improve the Cd tolerance of the cabbage seedlings by protecting the photosynthetic system, eliminating excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species under Cd stress, alleviating oxidative stress, and reducing Cd levels in plants, among other physiological properties.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium alleviated cadmium-induced declines in cabbage growth, photosynthetic pigment and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Treatment
- exogenous application of See0
- Outcome
- growth, photosynthetic pigment, and the gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- alleviate the decreasee0
- Comparator
- under Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of Se could effectively alleviate the decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment, and the gas exchange characteristics of the cabbage seedlings under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium improved cabbage root vitality during cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of See1
- Outcome
- root vitalitye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improve cabbage root vitality, reduce root leaf Cd content, and alleviate the Cd stress-induced damage”
e1“exogenous application of Se”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium reduced cadmium content in cabbage roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Treatment
- exogenous application of See1
- Outcome
- root leaf Cd contente0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce root leaf Cd content”
e1“exogenous application of Se”
e2“cabbage root vitality”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium disrupted internal chloroplast structure in cabbage leaves.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- chloroplasts’ internal structuree0
- Direction
- disruptione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress caused the disruption to the chloroplasts’ internal structure in the cabbage leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium partially alleviated cadmium damage to cabbage chloroplasts and improved inner capsule membrane stability.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- exogenous Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- chloroplast damage to some extent, improved the stability of the inner capsule membranee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an exogenous Se treatment alleviated the chloroplast damage to some extent, improved the stability of the inner capsule membrane”
e1“cabbage leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased cabbage leaf superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress also caused oxidative damage and the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaves of cabbage seedlings, as evidenced by the significant accumulation of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased electrolyte leakage in cabbage leaves.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- Cd stresse2
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant accumulation of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage”
e1“leaves of cabbage seedlings”
e2“Cd stress also caused oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium raised cabbage SOD, POD and APX activities, reducing cadmium-associated oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- exogenous Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of the antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- up-regulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after the exogenous Se treatment, the Cd stress-induced oxidative damage could be reduced by up-regulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
e1“leaves of cabbage seedlings, as evidenced”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly increased cabbage glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly increased glutathione (GSH) levels”
e1“leaves of cabbage seedlings, as evidenced”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium further increased cabbage glutathione levels under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- exogenous Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- GSH levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous Se treatment further increased the GSH levels”
e1“leaves of cabbage seedlings, as evidenced”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.