Abstract
It is widely accepted that deficiency of macro (nitrogen) and micronutrients (zinc, copper etc.) affects the plant growth and development which cause a significant threat to crop production and food security. The Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO) developed nano-urea (nano-N), nano-zinc (nano-Zn), and nano-copper (nano-Cu) liquid fertilizer formulations to enhance the crop yields, simultaneously addressing the nutrient deficiency, without causing toxicity. Therefore, this study was formulated to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-N (nano-urea), nano-Zn, and nano-Cu at varying N levels [0, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended rates of nitrogen (RRN)] on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21. The results exhibited that the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots. This was mainly attributed to the higher N and Zn uptake by the crops. However, 75% RRN with nano-N + nano-Zn also produced comparable yields. Thus, applying nano-N and nano-Zn via foliar applications, in conjunction with conventional urea, has the potential to reduce the required nitrogen fertilizer amount by up to 25%, while simultaneously maintaining equivalent yield levels. Similarly, 100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn registered comparable profitability, soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), during both the study years. However, further research and field trials on nano fertilizers alone or in combination with conventional fertilizers are essential to fully unlock its benefits and ascertain its long-term effects which may offer a pathway to more efficient and eco-friendly crop nourishment.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN significantly increased maize grain yield over absolute control plots.
- Treatment
- nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRNe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 66.2–68.8%e1
- Comparator
- absolute control plotse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e1“the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN significantly increased wheat grain yield over absolute control plots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRNe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 62.6–61.9%e1
- Comparator
- absolute control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e1“the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN significantly increased pearl millet grain yield over absolute control plots.
- Taxon
- pearl millet
Cenchrus americanuse1 - Treatment
- nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRNe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- significantly highere1
- Value
- 57.1–65.4%e1
- Comparator
- absolute control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e1“the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN significantly increased mustard grain yield over absolute control plots.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e1“the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher grain yields with nano-N + nano-Zn are mainly attributed to higher N and Zn uptake by the crops.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots”
e2“This was mainly attributed to the higher N and Zn uptake by the crops”
Claim · model-written summary
75% RRN with nano-N + nano-Zn produced yields comparable to the reference rate.
- Taxon
- maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systemse0
- Treatment
- 75% RRN with nano-N + nano-Zne3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e3“However, 75% RRN with nano-N + nano-Zn also produced comparable yields”
Claim · model-written summary
100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn gave comparable profitability.
- Taxon
- maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systemse0
- Treatment
- 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zne5
- Outcome
- profitabilitye5
- Comparator
- 100% RRNe5
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e5“Similarly, 100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn registered comparable profitability, soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), during both the study years”
Claim · model-written summary
100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn gave comparable soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity and soil microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systemse0
- Treatment
- 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zne5
- Outcome
- soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC)e5
- Comparator
- 100% RRNe5
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e5“Similarly, 100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn registered comparable profitability, soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), during both the study years”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying nano-N and nano-Zn via foliar applications has the potential to reduce the required nitrogen fertilizer amount by up to 25% while maintaining equivalent yield levels.
Verbatim
e0“on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21”
e4“Thus, applying nano-N and nano-Zn via foliar applications, in conjunction with conventional urea, has the potential to reduce the required nitrogen fertilizer amount by up to 25%, while simultaneously maintaining equivalent yield levels”
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