Abstract
Abstract Winter wheat growing on a silty clay loam soil was protected from rainfall by a mobile shelter for 100 days from tillering to maturity. During this time the crop was either irrigated according to demand or grew on stored soil water. The effects of this high and low water supply, in combination with a high and low N supply, on root and shoot growth and water uptake were studied. The crop given both N and water yielded 9.7 t/ha of grain (85 % DM), drought reduced this to 7.9 t/ha, low N to 4.3 t/ha and drought and low N to 3.8 t/ha. Yield reductions were mainly due to fewer grains being produced. Little root growth occurred in the topsoil during the drought but there was compensatory growth in the subsoil provided that N fertilizer was given. The droughted crops rooted to 160 cm, about 20 cm deeper than the irrigated crops, but the amount of root in the deep subsoil was very small, less than 0.1 cm/cm 3 ai 140–160 cm, compared with 5–9 cm/cm 3 in the topsoil. The crop demand for water at any given time was partitioned throughout the root system but atmospheric demand was only met whilst the topsoil was wet. The fertilized, droughted crop extracted all of the potentially available water to a depth of 80 cm and a mean rooting density of 1 cm/cm 3 was necessary to achieve this. Uptake from below this depth was limited by root growth. The limiting value of the potential soil water deficit was 170 mm, and weather records showed that this would be exceeded one year in ten, on average. The likelihood of yield reduction due to drought could be reduced on this soil by improving root growth below 80 cm depth, although the chances of achieving this are low as root growth was probably limited by poor soil structure.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fully supplied wheat yielded 9.7 t/ha grain.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- both N and watere0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Value
- 9.7 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The crop given both N and water yielded 9.7 t/ha of grain (85 % DM)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced grain yield to 7.9 t/ha.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- graine1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.9 t/hae0
- Comparator
- both N and watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought reduced this to 7.9 t/ha”
e1“The crop given both N and water yielded 9.7 t/ha of grain (85 % DM)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen reduced grain yield to 4.3 t/ha.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low Ne0
- Outcome
- graine2
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 4.3 t/hae0
- Comparator
- both N and watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low N to 4.3 t/ha”
e1“drought reduced this to 7.9 t/ha, low N to 4.3 t/ha”
e2“The crop given both N and water yielded 9.7 t/ha of grain (85 % DM)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined drought and low nitrogen reduced grain yield to 3.8 t/ha.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought and low Ne0
- Outcome
- graine2
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 3.8 t/hae0
- Comparator
- both N and watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought and low N to 3.8 t/ha”
e1“drought reduced this to 7.9 t/ha, low N to 4.3 t/ha and drought and low N to 3.8 t/ha”
e2“The crop given both N and water yielded 9.7 t/ha of grain (85 % DM)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield loss was mainly associated with fewer grains.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Yield reductionse0
- Qualifier
- fewer grains being producede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield reductions were mainly due to fewer grains being produced”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought allowed little topsoil root growth.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- Littlee0
- Setting
- topsoile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Little root growth occurred in the topsoil during the drought”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
With nitrogen fertilizer, drought induced compensatory subsoil root growth.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- growth in the subsoile0
- Direction
- compensatorye0
- Qualifier
- provided that N fertilizer was givene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was compensatory growth in the subsoil provided that N fertilizer was given”
e1“during the drought but there was compensatory growth in the subsoil provided that N fertilizer was given”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Droughted wheat rooted to 160 cm, about 20 cm deeper than irrigated wheat.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughtede0
- Outcome
- rootede0
- Direction
- deepere0
- Value
- 160 cme0
- Qualifier
- about 20 cme0
- Comparator
- irrigated cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The droughted crops rooted to 160 cm, about 20 cm deeper than the irrigated crops”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep subsoil root density was less than 0.1 cm/cm 3 at 140–160 cm versus 5–9 cm/cm 3 in topsoil.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- amount of root in the deep subsoile1
- Direction
- very smalle1
- Value
- less than 0.1 cm/cm 3e0
- Qualifier
- 5–9 cm/cm 3e0
- Comparator
- topsoile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less than 0.1 cm/cm 3 ai 140–160 cm, compared with 5–9 cm/cm 3 in the topsoil”
e1“the amount of root in the deep subsoil was very small”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water demand was partitioned across roots, but atmospheric demand was met only with wet topsoil.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- crop demand for watere0
- Qualifier
- atmospheric demand was only met whilst the topsoil was wete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The crop demand for water at any given time was partitioned throughout the root system but atmospheric demand was only met whilst the topsoil was wet”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized droughted wheat extracted available water to 80 cm.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilized, droughtede0
- Outcome
- extracted all of the potentially available watere0
- Value
- 80 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilized, droughted crop extracted all of the potentially available water to a depth of 80 cm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A mean rooting density of 1 cm/cm 3 was required to extract available water.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mean rooting densitye0
- Value
- 1 cm/cm 3e0
- Qualifier
- extracted all of the potentially available water to a depth of 80 cme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a mean rooting density of 1 cm/cm 3 was necessary to achieve this”
e1“extracted all of the potentially available water to a depth of 80 cm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water uptake below 80 cm was limited by root growth.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Uptake from below this depthe0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Qualifier
- root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake from below this depth was limited by root growth”
e1“to a depth of 80 cm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The limiting potential soil water deficit was 170 mm.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- potential soil water deficite0
- Value
- 170 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The limiting value of the potential soil water deficit was 170 mm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weather records indicated the limiting deficit would be exceeded one year in ten.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- potential soil water deficite1
- Value
- one year in tene0
- Qualifier
- 170 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weather records showed that this would be exceeded one year in ten, on average”
e1“The limiting value of the potential soil water deficit was 170 mm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Improving roots below 80 cm could reduce drought yield loss, though poor soil structure probably limits this.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- improving root growth below 80 cm depthe0
- Qualifier
- the chances of achieving this are low as root growth was probably limited by poor soil structuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The likelihood of yield reduction due to drought could be reduced on this soil by improving root growth below 80 cm depth, although the chances of achieving this are low as root growth was probably limited by poor soil structure”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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