Abstract
Furrow irrigation is the most common method of irrigating pistachio orchards in Iran. Water use efficiency using this method of irrigation is close to 35%. Ten years ago, a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) project was initiated with highly saline and alkaline water for the first time in Iran at the Feyzabad pistachio research station, at 34̊ 54ʹ 15ʺ N, 58̊ 45ʹ 37ʺ E, located in the northeast of Iran, at an altitude of 850 meters from the sea. The water salinity and sodium adsorption ratio were 11.5 dS m-1 and 15.5 at the beginning of the project, and they reached 16.25 dS m-1 and 17.7 in 2021. The amount of SDI water consumption in the first year of the project (2012) was 1640 m3 ha-1 yr-1, and as the trees aged, water consumption reached 3000 m3 ha-1 in 2022. The amount of water utilized for furrow irrigation was about 6912 m3 ha-1 in 2022. Salt entering the soil through irrigation water differed by about 41 t ha-1 in 2022 between the two methods. After ten years of project implementation, the root development layer was more than 100 cm and less than 50 cm, respectively, for SDI and furrow. The trend of soil salinity has changed from 2012 to 2022: it went from 34.7 dS m-1 in 2012 to 110 dS m-1 in 2018, and then decreased to 65 dS m-1 in 2022 in the surface layer of the SDI method. In contrast, salinity increased almost twofold within the root development layer (60-140 cm) in the SDI. In the last two years (2021 and 2022), the height, crown width, trunk circumference, and yield of the pistachio trees were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods. However, there was a significant difference in the irrigation treatments during the two last years (2021 and 2022) in the annual growth, the average number of flower buds in the branch, and the average number of flower buds abscised. The branch vegetative growth in 2022 had decreased by almost 50% compared to 2021 in both methods. The results showed that the lowest annual growth was achieved in the SDI in 2022. Overall, the efficiency of water consumption in the SDI and furrow was equal to 0.09 and 0.06 kg m3, respectively. SDI net income was 1284 $ higher after expenses were deducted from 2012 to 2022. Therefore, due to severe climate change and excessive salinity increase in soil and water resources, a well-managed SDI can provide a more sustainable production method for salt-affected soils for pistachio orchards by reducing water consumption and salt entry into the soil.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Root development exceeded 100 cm with SDI and remained below 50 cm with furrow.
- Taxon
- roote0
- Treatment
- SDIe0
- Outcome
- root development layere0
- Value
- more than 100 cme0
- Qualifier
- less than 50 cme0
- Comparator
- furrowe0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the root development layer was more than 100 cm and less than 50 cm, respectively, for SDI and furrow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pistachio height, crown width, trunk circumference and yield did not differ significantly between irrigation methods in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- pistachio trees
Pistacia verae0 - Treatment
- two irrigation methodse0
- Outcome
- height, crown width, trunk circumference, and yielde0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the height, crown width, trunk circumference, and yield of the pistachio trees were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments significantly differed in annual growth and flower bud number and abscission in 2021 and 2022.
- Taxon
- flower budse0
- Treatment
- irrigation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- annual growth, the average number of flower buds in the branch, and the average number of flower buds abscisede0
- Qualifier
- 2021 and 2022e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“there was a significant difference in the irrigation treatments during the two last years (2021 and 2022) in the annual growth, the average number of flower buds in the branch, and the average number of flower buds abscised.”
Claim · model-written summary
Branch vegetative growth fell by almost 50% from 2021 to 2022 with both irrigation methods.
Verbatim
e0“The branch vegetative growth in 2022 had decreased by almost 50% compared to 2021 in both methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual growth was lowest under SDI in 2022.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the lowest annual growth was achieved in the SDI in 2022.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water consumption efficiency was 0.09 kg m3 under SDI.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the efficiency of water consumption in the SDI and furrow was equal to 0.09 and 0.06 kg m3, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water consumption efficiency was 0.06 kg m3 under furrow.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the efficiency of water consumption in the SDI and furrow was equal to 0.09 and 0.06 kg m3, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
SDI used 1640 m3 ha-1 yr-1 of water in 2012.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The amount of SDI water consumption in the first year of the project (2012) was 1640 m3 ha-1 yr-1”
Claim · model-written summary
SDI water consumption reached 3000 m3 ha-1 in 2022.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“water consumption reached 3000 m3 ha-1 in 2022.”
Claim · model-written summary
Furrow irrigation used about 6912 m3 ha-1 in 2022.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The amount of water utilized for furrow irrigation was about 6912 m3 ha-1 in 2022.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt input via irrigation differed by about 41 t ha-1 between methods in 2022.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Salt entering the soil through irrigation water differed by about 41 t ha-1 in 2022 between the two methods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-layer salinity under SDI rose from 34.7 dS m-1 in 2012 to 110 dS m-1 in 2018.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“it went from 34.7 dS m-1 in 2012 to 110 dS m-1 in 2018, and then decreased to 65 dS m-1 in 2022 in the surface layer of the SDI method.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-layer salinity under SDI declined to 65 dS m-1 in 2022.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“then decreased to 65 dS m-1 in 2022 in the surface layer of the SDI method.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity in the SDI root-development layer nearly doubled.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased almost twofold within the root development layer (60-140 cm) in the SDI.”
Claim · model-written summary
SDI net income was 1284 $ higher over 2012–2022.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“SDI net income was 1284 $ higher after expenses were deducted from 2012 to 2022.”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-managed SDI is recommended for sustainable pistachio production on salt-affected soils.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Treatment
- well-managed SDIe0
- Outcome
- more sustainable production methode0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a well-managed SDI can provide a more sustainable production method for salt-affected soils for pistachio orchards by reducing water consumption and salt entry into the soil.”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.