Abstract
Apple skin color is essential for market value. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficiency of pneumatic defoliation (PD) on the enhancement of red skin color and anthocyanin pigments in ‘Picnic’ apples. Three weeks before harvesting, apple trees were treated with PD with low- (0.7 bar) and high- (0.9 bar) air pressure at a tractor driving speed of 2 km/h. Undefoliated trees served as controls. Higher leaf defoliation and leaf damage rates were observed in the high-PD treatment than those in the low-PD treatment. Photosynthetically active radiation inside the canopies was the highest in trees subjected to high-pressure PD than in those that underwent low-pressure PD and the controls. At harvest, the fruit color (a*) value, red-colored area, and anthocyanin content in the fruit skin were the highest in the high-PD treatment, intermediate in the low-PD treatment, and the lowest in the control treatments. Additionally, a higher expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was observed in both defoliation treatments, especially under high PD. However, except for higher flesh firmness under low PD, the L* and b* values and fruit quality indices (fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence) were not significantly affected by either PD treatment. In conclusion, PD can be used to enhance skin coloration and anthocyanin pigments in apples; further PD with high air pressure achieved optimum red skin coloration in ‘Picnic’ apples.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD raised leaf defoliation versus low pressure PD.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- high-PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf defoliatione0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- low-PD treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher leaf defoliation and leaf damage rates were observed in the high-PD treatment than those in the low-PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD raised leaf damage rates versus low pressure PD.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high-PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf damage ratese0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- low-PD treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher leaf defoliation and leaf damage rates were observed in the high-PD treatment than those in the low-PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD gave the highest canopy photosynthetically active radiation.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high-pressure PDe0
- Outcome
- Photosynthetically active radiation inside the canopiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- low-pressure PD and the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetically active radiation inside the canopies was the highest in trees subjected to high-pressure PD than in those that underwent low-pressure PD and the controls.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD gave the highest fruit color (a*) value, followed by low pressure PD and controls.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high-PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit color (a*) valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the fruit color (a*) value, red-colored area, and anthocyanin content in the fruit skin were the highest in the high-PD treatment, intermediate in the low-PD treatment, and the lowest in the control treatments.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD gave the highest red-colored area, followed by low pressure PD and controls.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high-PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- red-colored areae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the fruit color (a*) value, red-colored area, and anthocyanin content in the fruit skin were the highest in the high-PD treatment, intermediate in the low-PD treatment, and the lowest in the control treatments.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
High pressure PD gave the highest anthocyanin content in the fruit skin, followed by low pressure PD and controls.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- high-PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin content in the fruit skine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the fruit color (a*) value, red-colored area, and anthocyanin content in the fruit skin were the highest in the high-PD treatment, intermediate in the low-PD treatment, and the lowest in the control treatments.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation raised expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, most under high pressure.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- both defoliation treatmentse0
- Gene
- anthocyanin biosynthetic genese0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, a higher expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was observed in both defoliation treatments, especially under high PD.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Low pressure PD increased flesh firmness.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- low PDe0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, except for higher flesh firmness under low PD, the L* and b* values and fruit quality indices (fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence) were not significantly affected by either PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
PD did not significantly affect L* and b* values.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- either PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- L* and b* valuese0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, except for higher flesh firmness under low PD, the L* and b* values and fruit quality indices (fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence) were not significantly affected by either PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
PD did not significantly affect fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- either PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, except for higher flesh firmness under low PD, the L* and b* values and fruit quality indices (fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence) were not significantly affected by either PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
PD did not significantly affect soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- either PD treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrencee0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, except for higher flesh firmness under low PD, the L* and b* values and fruit quality indices (fruit weight, starch pattern index, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and sunburn occurrence) were not significantly affected by either PD treatment.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend PD to enhance apple skin color and anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- PDe0
- Outcome
- enhance skin coloration and anthocyanin pigmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, PD can be used to enhance skin coloration and anthocyanin pigments in apples; further PD with high air pressure achieved optimum red skin coloration in ‘Picnic’ apples.”
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