Abstract
Salinity stress acts as a significant deterrent in the course of optimal plant growth and productivity, and mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system, is severely affected by salinity. Silicon (Si), on the other hand, has exhibited promising outcomes with regards to alleviating salinity stress. In order to understand the critical mechanisms underlying mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) tolerance towards salt stress, this study examined the effects of different salinity concentrations on antioxidant capacity, proteome level alterations, and influence on Si-transporter and salt-responsive genes. Salinity stress was seen to effect the gaseous exchange machinery, decrease the soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activity, and increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. An efficient regulation of stomatal opening upon Si application hints towards proficient stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation, resulting in efficient photosynthesis leading to proficient plant growth. The soluble protein and phenolic content showed improved levels upon Si supplementation, which indicates an optimal solute transport system from source to sink. The content of superoxide radicals showed a surge under salinity stress treatment, but efficient scavenging of superoxide radicles was noted under Si supplementation. Salinity stress exhibited more damaging effects on root NR activity, which was notably enhanced upon Si supplementation. Moreover, the beneficial role of Si was further substantiated as there was notable Si accumulation in the leaves and roots of salinity-stressed mung bean plants. Furthermore, Si stimulated competent ROS scavenging by reinforcing the antioxidant enzyme activity, as well coordinating with their isozyme activity, as expressed by the varying band intensities. Similarly, the Si-mediated increase in peroxidase activity may reveal changes in the mechanical characteristics of the cell wall, which are in turn associated with salinity stress adaptation. Proteomic investigations revealed the upregulation or downregulation of several proteins, which were thereafter identified by LC−MS/MS. About 45 proteins were identified and were functionally classified into photosynthesis (24%), metabolic process (19%), redox homeostasis (12%), transmembrane transport (10%), stress response (7%), and transcription regulation (4%). The gene expression analysis of the silicon transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi3) and SOS pathway genes (SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3) indicated the role of silicon in mitigating salinity stress. Hence, the findings of this study can facilitate a profound understanding of the potential mechanisms adopted by mung bean due to exogenous Si application during salinity stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased the soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activity of mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung bean
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Vigna radiatae2 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Salinity stress was seen to effect the gaseous exchange machinery, decrease the soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activity, and increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased reactive oxygen species accumulation and superoxide radical content in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- salinity stress treatmente3
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen speciese1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- content of superoxide radicals showed a surgee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species”
e3“The content of superoxide radicals showed a surge under salinity stress treatment”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress affected the gaseous exchange machinery of mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- gaseous exchange machinerye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salinity stress was seen to effect the gaseous exchange machinery, decrease the soluble protein and phenolic content and NR activity, and increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon application may improve stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation, leading to efficient photosynthesis in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- Si applicatione1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and CO2 fixatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An efficient regulation of stomatal opening upon Si application hints towards proficient stomatal conductance and CO2 fixation, resulting in efficient photosynthesis leading to proficient plant growth”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supplementation improved the soluble protein and phenolic content of mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- Si supplementatione1
- Outcome
- soluble protein and phenolic contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The soluble protein and phenolic content showed improved levels upon Si supplementation”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supplementation efficiently scavenged superoxide radicals in mung bean, reinforcing the antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- Si supplementatione1
- Outcome
- scavenging of superoxide radiclese1
- Direction
- efficiente1
- Qualifier
- reinforcing the antioxidant enzyme activitye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“efficient scavenging of superoxide radicles was noted under Si supplementation”
e4“Si stimulated competent ROS scavenging by reinforcing the antioxidant enzyme activity”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress damaged the root NR activity of mung bean more than other effects.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- root NR activitye1
- Direction
- damaginge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salinity stress exhibited more damaging effects on root NR activity, which was notably enhanced upon Si supplementation”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supplementation notably enhanced the root NR activity of salinity-stressed mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- Si supplementatione1
- Outcome
- root NR activitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- Salinity stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salinity stress exhibited more damaging effects on root NR activity, which was notably enhanced upon Si supplementation”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Notable silicon accumulation occurred in the leaves and roots of salinity-stressed mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse1
- Outcome
- Si accumulatione1
- Qualifier
- salinity-stressede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“there was notable Si accumulation in the leaves and roots of salinity-stressed mung bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon-mediated treatment increased peroxidase activity in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- Sie1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Similarly, the Si-mediated increase in peroxidase activity”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The change in peroxidase activity may reveal changes in the mechanical characteristics of the mung bean cell wall associated with salinity adaptation.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- mechanical characteristics of the cell walle1
- Qualifier
- associated with salinity stress adaptatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“may reveal changes in the mechanical characteristics of the cell wall, which are in turn associated with salinity stress adaptation”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic analysis showed up- or down-regulation of several mung bean proteins, and about 45 proteins were identified.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae3
- Outcome
- upregulation or downregulation of several proteinse1
- Direction
- upregulation or downregulatione1
- Value
- 45 proteinse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Proteomic investigations revealed the upregulation or downregulation of several proteins”
e2“About 45 proteins were identified”
e3“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis proteins made up 24% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Value
- 24%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“classified into photosynthesis (24%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolic process proteins made up 19% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- metabolic processe1
- Value
- 19%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“metabolic process (19%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Redox homeostasis proteins made up 12% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- redox homeostasise1
- Value
- 12%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“redox homeostasis (12%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Transmembrane transport proteins made up 10% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- transmembrane transporte1
- Value
- 10%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“transmembrane transport (10%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress response proteins made up 7% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- stress responsee1
- Value
- 7%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“stress response (7%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription regulation proteins made up 4% of the identified mung bean proteins.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Outcome
- transcription regulatione1
- Value
- 4%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“transcription regulation (4%)”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon transporter genes Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi3 were analysed for expression and indicate a role for silicon in mitigating salinity stress in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Gene
- Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi3e1
- Outcome
- gene expression analysise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The gene expression analysis of the silicon transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi3) and SOS pathway genes (SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3) indicated the role of silicon in mitigating salinity stress”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
SOS pathway genes SOS1, SOS2 and SOS3 were analysed for expression and indicate a role for silicon in mitigating salinity stress in mung bean.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae2
- Gene
- SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3e1
- Outcome
- gene expression analysise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The gene expression analysis of the silicon transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi3) and SOS pathway genes (SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3) indicated the role of silicon in mitigating salinity stress”
e2“mung bean, being a relay crop in the cereal cropping system”
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See all 21 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.