Abstract
Introduction Smart management in crop cultivation is increasingly supported by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), which sustain soil fertility and plant performance. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of consortia composed of ( Claroideoglomus claroideum BEG96, Claroideoglomus etunicatum BEG92, Funneliformis geosporum BEG199, Funneliformis mosseae BEG 95, and Rhizophagus irregularis BEG140) and PGPM ( Azospirillum brasilense – AZ, or Saccharothrix sp. – S) on onion cultivated in growing media with a composition corresponding to a degraded soil. Methods Three types of substrate formulations were used, with peat:sand ratios of 50:50, 70:30, 100:0 (v:v). The analysis of substrate parameters crucial for its fertility (pH, salinity, sorption complex capacity, and elements’ content) and characteristics reflecting onion seedlings’ performance (fresh weight, stress biomarkers, and elements’ content) was performed. Results AMF colonized onion roots in all treatments, showing increasing potential to form intercellular structures in the substrates rich in organic matter. Additionally, co-inoculation with PGPM microorganisms accelerated arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment. Increased antioxidant activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity of onion roots sampled from the formulations composed of peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0, inoculated with AMF+S, and positive correlation between GPOX, fresh weight and antioxidant activity of onion roots reflected the successful induction of plant acclimatization response. Total phenols content was the highest in roots and leaves of onion grown in substrates with 70:30 peat:sand ratio, and, in the case of roots, it was correlated with AMF colonization parameters but not with antioxidant activity. Discussion AMF and PGPM efficiency in supporting onion growth should be linked to the increased onion root system capacity in mineral salts absorption, resulting in more efficient aboveground biomass production. AMF and PGPM consortia were effective in releasing minerals to soluble fraction in substrates rich in organic matter, making elements available for uptake by onion root system, though this phenomenon depended on the PGPM species. Microorganism consortia enhanced onion seedlings’ performance also in substrates with lower content of organic carbon through plant biofertilization and phytostimulation
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonized onion roots in every treatment.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AMF colonized onion roots in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF formed more intercellular structures in organic rich substrates.
- Taxon
- onion seedlings
Allium cepat0 - Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- intercellular structurese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Setting
- substrates rich in organic mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing potential to form intercellular structures in the substrates rich in organic matter”
e1“AMF colonized onion roots in all treatments”
t0“onion seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Co inoculation with PGPM accelerated arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with PGPM microorganismse0
- Interactor
- PGPM microorganismse0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular mycorrhiza establishmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation with PGPM microorganisms accelerated arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus Saccharothrix in pure peat increased onion root antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF+Se0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- Increasede0
- Setting
- peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased antioxidant activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity of onion roots sampled from the formulations composed of peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0, inoculated with AMF+S”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus Saccharothrix in pure peat increased onion root GPOX activity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF+Se0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activitye0
- Direction
- Increasede0
- Setting
- peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased antioxidant activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity of onion roots sampled from the formulations composed of peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0, inoculated with AMF+S”
Claim · model-written summary
Root GPOX activity positively correlated with fresh weight and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Gene
- GPOXe0
- Outcome
- fresh weight and antioxidant activity of onion rootse0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive correlation between GPOX, fresh weight and antioxidant activity of onion roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols were highest in onion roots and leaves at 70:30 peat to sand.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Outcome
- Total phenols contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- 70:30 peat:sand ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols content was the highest in roots and leaves of onion grown in substrates with 70:30 peat:sand ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Root phenols correlated with AMF colonization parameters.
- Taxon
- onion seedlingsAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Total phenols contente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of roots, it was correlated with AMF colonization parameters but not with antioxidant activity”
e1“Total phenols content was the highest in roots and leaves of onion grown in substrates with 70:30 peat:sand ratio”
t0“onion seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Root phenols did not correlate with antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- onion seedlingsAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of roots, it was correlated with AMF colonization parameters but not with antioxidant activity”
t0“onion seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPM released minerals to soluble substrate fractions in organic rich media.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- minerals to soluble fractione0
- Setting
- substrates rich in organic mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF and PGPM consortia were effective in releasing minerals to soluble fraction in substrates rich in organic matter”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial consortia enhanced onion seedlings performance in substrates with less organic carbon.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- Microorganism consortiae0
- Outcome
- onion seedlings’ performancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Setting
- substrates with lower content of organic carbone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microorganism consortia enhanced onion seedlings’ performance also in substrates with lower content of organic carbon”
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