Abstract
Abstract Background Apple decline diseases, responsible for seedlings root and collar rot in nurseries, are an important disease. Different fungal and bacterial antagonists were evaluated to control Pythium ultimum associated with this serious disease using in vitro and in vivo greenhouse assays. Results The in vitro test of ten Aspergillus spp. and ten Trichoderma harzianum isolates showed their efficacy to reduce the radial growth of P. ultimum . The isolates, A. niger A10, A. candidus A5, T. harzianum Tr9 and Tr10, were the most effective with a high inhibition percent that exceeded 50%. The in vivo test of the four most effective antagonists and a strain of Bacillus subtilis (B) showed that the combination of the two Aspergillus isolates (A5 and A10) gave the best result with a decrease in root browning index by 55.55%. Results showed also the efficacy of all tested antagonists and their combinations on the sanitary state index of the inoculated plants except the combination between T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B). The two treatments, T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B), significantly improved the height of inoculated plants by 173.19 and 191.3%, respectively. Regarding the efficacy of antagonists on apple seedlings root weight, A. niger (A10) was the only treatment that significantly increased this parameter by 363.17%. Conclusions A. niger A10, A. candidus A5, T. harzianum Tr9 and Tr10 exhibited the highest value of in vitro inhibition to growth of P. ultimum . The combination of A. niger A10 and A. candidus A5 was the most effective in vivo treatment in reducing the disease severity index. However, T. harzianum (Tr10), B. subtilis (B) and A. niger (A10) revealed to be able to stimulate the apple seedlings growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ten Aspergillus isolates inhibited in vitro radial growth of P. ultimum.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- ten Aspergillus spp.e0
- Interactor
- P. ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Aspergillus spp.
Aspergilluse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- radial growth of P. ultimume0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro test of ten Aspergillus spp. and ten Trichoderma harzianum isolates showed their efficacy to reduce the radial growth of P. ultimum”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten Trichoderma isolates inhibited in vitro radial growth of P. ultimum.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ten Trichoderma harzianum isolatese0
- Interactor
- P. ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- radial growth of P. ultimume0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro test of ten Aspergillus spp. and ten Trichoderma harzianum isolates showed their efficacy to reduce the radial growth of P. ultimum”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger A10, A. candidus A5 and T. harzianum Tr9 and Tr10 each exceeded 50% inhibition in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- A. niger A10
Aspergillus nigere0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibition percente0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The isolates, A. niger A10, A. candidus A5, T. harzianum Tr9 and Tr10, were the most effective with a high inhibition percent that exceeded 50%”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Aspergillus A5 and A10 lowered apple seedling root browning index by 55.55%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combination of the two Aspergillus isolates (A5 and A10)e0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus isolatese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root browning indexe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 55.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of the two Aspergillus isolates (A5 and A10) gave the best result with a decrease in root browning index by 55.55%”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested antagonists and combinations except Tr10 plus B. subtilis improved sanitary state of inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- all tested antagonists and their combinationse0
- Outcome
- sanitary state indexe0
- Qualifier
- except the combination between T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“efficacy of all tested antagonists and their combinations on the sanitary state index of the inoculated plants except the combination between T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B)”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum Tr10 increased inoculated apple seedling height by 173.19%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum (Tr10)e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum (Tr10)Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- height of inoculated plantse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 173.19e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two treatments, T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B), significantly improved the height of inoculated plants by 173.19 and 191.3%, respectively”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis B increased inoculated apple seedling height by 191.3%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis (B)e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis (B)
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- height of inoculated plantse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 191.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two treatments, T. harzianum (Tr10) and B. subtilis (B), significantly improved the height of inoculated plants by 173.19 and 191.3%, respectively”
t0“apple seedlings decline”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger A10 significantly raised apple seedling root weight by 363.17%.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- A. niger (A10)e0
- Interactor
- A. niger (A10)Aspergillus nigere0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root weighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 363.17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. niger (A10) was the only treatment that significantly increased this parameter by 363.17%”
e1“Regarding the efficacy of antagonists on apple seedlings root weight”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.