Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of the hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum L. and wheat on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in wheat. The experiment was conducted with three replicates, which conducted on four Cd concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 μmol L −1 ) in the Hoagland solution and using two planting patterns [monoculture wheat (MW), intercropping wheat and Solanum nigrum L. (IW，IS)]. The results showed that the addition of Cd in the solutions reduced the total root length by 19.08–55.98%, total root area by 12.35–44.48%, and total root volume by 16.01–46.00% of wheat plants. Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. significantly reduced Cd contents by 28.3–47.2% and Cd accumulations by 10.08–32.43% in the roots of wheat. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the root-tip cells of the monoculture wheat treated with Cd exhibited swollen spheres of intracellular mitochondria, disorderly arranged inner ridges of mitochondria, some damaged mitochondrial membranes, and deformed nuclear membranes. Many dense electron particles in the form of Cd were deposited in the cell gap, and the cell nucleus became smaller or even disappeared. Under the same Cd concentrations, root-tip cells of intercropped wheat showed much less density of electron particles, starch granules, and the damage to the nucleus and nuclear membrane by Cd.These results indicated that intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. reduced the Cd toxicity to wheat roots and decreased Cd uptake and accumulation in both the shoots and roots of the wheat.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cd addition reduced wheat total root length by 19.08–55.98%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- addition of Cd in the solutionse0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19.08–55.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e0“the addition of Cd in the solutions reduced the total root length by 19.08–55.98%, total root area by 12.35–44.48%, and total root volume by 16.01–46.00% of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd addition reduced wheat total root area by 12.35–44.48%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- addition of Cd in the solutionse0
- Outcome
- total root areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.35–44.48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e0“the addition of Cd in the solutions reduced the total root length by 19.08–55.98%, total root area by 12.35–44.48%, and total root volume by 16.01–46.00% of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd addition reduced wheat total root volume by 16.01–46.00%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- addition of Cd in the solutionse0
- Outcome
- total root volumee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.01–46.00%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e0“the addition of Cd in the solutions reduced the total root length by 19.08–55.98%, total root area by 12.35–44.48%, and total root volume by 16.01–46.00% of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with Solanum nigrum significantly reduced wheat root Cd contents by 28.3–47.2% compared with monoculture wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e2
- Interactor
- Solanum nigrum L.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=60)
Solanum nigrume2other - Outcome
- Cd contentse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 28.3–47.2%e2
- Comparator
- monoculture wheat (MW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e2“Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. significantly reduced Cd contents by 28.3–47.2% and Cd accumulations by 10.08–32.43% in the roots of wheat”
e1“monoculture wheat (MW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with Solanum nigrum significantly reduced wheat root Cd accumulations by 10.08–32.43% compared with monoculture wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e2
- Interactor
- Solanum nigrum L.Solanum nigrume2other
- Outcome
- Cd accumulationse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 10.08–32.43%e2
- Comparator
- monoculture wheat (MW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e2“Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. significantly reduced Cd contents by 28.3–47.2% and Cd accumulations by 10.08–32.43% in the roots of wheat”
e1“monoculture wheat (MW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-treated monoculture wheat root-tip cells showed swollen and disordered mitochondria and damaged mitochondrial membranes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root-tip cellse3
- Treatment
- treated with Cde3
- Outcome
- swollen spheres of intracellular mitochondria, disorderly arranged inner ridges of mitochondria, some damaged mitochondrial membranese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e3“root-tip cells of the monoculture wheat treated with Cd exhibited swollen spheres of intracellular mitochondria, disorderly arranged inner ridges of mitochondria, some damaged mitochondrial membranes, and deformed nuclear membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-treated monoculture wheat root-tip cells showed deformed nuclear membranes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root-tip cellse3
- Treatment
- treated with Cde3
- Outcome
- deformed nuclear membranese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e3“root-tip cells of the monoculture wheat treated with Cd exhibited swollen spheres of intracellular mitochondria, disorderly arranged inner ridges of mitochondria, some damaged mitochondrial membranes, and deformed nuclear membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-exposed wheat root cell nuclei became smaller or disappeared.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cell nucleuse4
- Direction
- became smaller or even disappearede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e4“the cell nucleus became smaller or even disappeared”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense electron particles in the form of Cd were deposited in the cell gap of wheat root cells.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- dense electron particlese5
- Qualifier
- in the form of Cd were deposited in the cell gape5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e5“Many dense electron particles in the form of Cd were deposited in the cell gap”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-tip cells of intercropped wheat showed much less electron particle density, starch granules and nucleus damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root-tip cellse6
- Treatment
- intercropped wheate6
- Outcome
- density of electron particles, starch granules, and the damage to the nucleus and nuclear membranee6
- Direction
- much lesse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e6“root-tip cells of intercropped wheat showed much less density of electron particles, starch granules, and the damage to the nucleus and nuclear membrane by Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with Solanum nigrum reduced Cd toxicity to wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Treatment
- intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e7
- Interactor
- Solanum nigrum L.Solanum nigrume7other
- Outcome
- Cd toxicitye7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e7“intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. reduced the Cd toxicity to wheat roots and decreased Cd uptake and accumulation in both the shoots and roots of the wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with Solanum nigrum decreased Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse7
- Treatment
- intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e7
- Interactor
- Solanum nigrum L.Solanum nigrume7other
- Outcome
- Cd uptake and accumulatione7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.”
e7“intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. reduced the Cd toxicity to wheat roots and decreased Cd uptake and accumulation in both the shoots and roots of the wheat”
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