Abstract
Using accumulators for intercropping in agricultural production can change the heavy metal concentration in the target plants. This study aims to investigate how intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Solanum nigrum L. affects soil bacterial community and cadmium (Cd) absorption in response to Cd-contaminated soil. We compared the concentrations and accumulations of Cd by plants, the activities of soil enzymes and the bacterial community structures of rhizosphere soil in monoculture and intercropping system. Principal component analysis (PCA) ordinations showed that soil bacterial communities were significantly separated by MW and IW, which illustrated intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. impacted the bacterial community structure of wheat. Firstly, the results showed that the biomass of shoots and roots in intercropped wheat (IW) were significantly decreased by 16.19% and 29.38% compared with monoculture wheat (MW) after 60 days after transplanting (DAT). Secondly, the Cd concentration and accumulation of shoots in IW was higher than MW. The Cd accumulation of IW shoots and roots were increased 12.87% and 0.98%, respectively after 60 days DAT. Besides, the enzymes activity [catalase (CAT), urease (UA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] of IW were decreased 35%, 6% and 21%, respectively after 60 days DAT. Finally, the diversity indexes [Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE), Chao and InvSimpson] of IW were lower than MW. These results indicated that intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. inhibited the wheat growth and decreased the bacterial community diversity in wheat rhizosphere, increased the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant tissues of wheat. Therefore, intercropping Solanum nigrum L. and wheat with Cd-contaminated soil might increase the risk of excessive Cd in wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping changed wheat rhizosphere bacterial community structure.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e0
- Outcome
- bacterial community structure of wheate0
- Comparator
- MWe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil bacterial communities were significantly separated by MW and IW, which illustrated intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. impacted the bacterial community structure of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat shoot biomass decreased 16.19% relative to monoculture after 60 days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- intercropped wheate0
- Outcome
- biomass of shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.19%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass of shoots and roots in intercropped wheat (IW) were significantly decreased by 16.19% and 29.38% compared with monoculture wheat (MW) after 60 days after transplanting (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat root biomass decreased 29.38% relative to monoculture after 60 days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- intercropped wheate0
- Outcome
- biomass of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29.38%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass of shoots and roots in intercropped wheat (IW) were significantly decreased by 16.19% and 29.38% compared with monoculture wheat (MW) after 60 days after transplanting (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat had higher shoot Cd concentration than monoculture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- IWe0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- MWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration and accumulation of shoots in IW was higher than MW”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat shoot Cd accumulation increased 12.87%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IWe0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulation of IW shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd accumulation of IW shoots and roots were increased 12.87% and 0.98%, respectively after 60 days DAT”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped wheat root Cd accumulation increased 0.98%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IWe0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulation of IW shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd accumulation of IW shoots and roots were increased 12.87% and 0.98%, respectively after 60 days DAT”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased wheat rhizosphere catalase activity by 35%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymes activity [catalase (CAT), urease (UA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] of IW were decreased 35%, 6% and 21%, respectively after 60 days DAT”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased wheat rhizosphere urease activity by 6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymes activity [catalase (CAT), urease (UA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] of IW were decreased 35%, 6% and 21%, respectively after 60 days DAT”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased wheat rhizosphere alkaline phosphatase activity by 21%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IWe0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatase (ALP)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymes activity [catalase (CAT), urease (UA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] of IW were decreased 35%, 6% and 21%, respectively after 60 days DAT”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat intercropping lowered three rhizosphere bacterial diversity indexes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IWe0
- Outcome
- diversity indexes [Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE), Chao and InvSimpson]e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- MWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diversity indexes [Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE), Chao and InvSimpson] of IW were lower than MW”
e1“intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors warn that wheat–Solanum nigrum intercropping on Cd-contaminated soil may increase excessive Cd risk in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- intercropping Solanum nigrum L. and wheate0
- Outcome
- risk of excessive Cd in wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping Solanum nigrum L. and wheat with Cd-contaminated soil might increase the risk of excessive Cd in wheat”
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