Abstract
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a vital strategy for enhancing the phytoremediation of heavy metals. However, the role of AMF under molybdenum (Mo) stress is elusive. A pot culture experiment was conducted to explore the effects of AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) inoculation on the uptake and transport of Mo and the physiological growth of maize plants under different levels of Mo addition (0, 100, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg). AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of maize plants, and the mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at the Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kg. Additionally, AMF inoculation could induce different growth allocation strategies in response to Mo stress. Inoculation significantly reduced Mo transport, and the active accumulation of Mo in the roots reached 80% after inoculation at the high Mo concentration of 2000 mg/kg. In addition to enhancing the net photosynthetic and pigment content, inoculation also increased the biomass by enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu, to resist Mo stress. In conclusion, C. etunicatum and R. intraradices were tolerant to the Mo stress and could alleviate the Mo-induced phytotoxicity by regulating the allocation of Mo in plants and improving photosynthetic leaf pigment contents and the uptake of nutrition. Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo, which was manifested by a stronger inhibition of Mo transport and a higher uptake of nutrient elements. Accordingly, AMF show potential for the bioremediation of Mo-polluted soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased maize biomass.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of maize plants, and the mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at the Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kg”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at 1000 mg/kg Mo.
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal dependencye0
- Value
- 222%e0
- Qualifier
- Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of maize plants, and the mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at the Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kg”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation induced different maize growth allocation strategies under Mo stress.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation could induce different growth allocation strategies in response to Mo stress”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly reduced Mo transport.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation significantly reduced Mo transport”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mo accumulation in roots reached 80% after inoculation at 2000 mg/kg Mo.
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- active accumulation of Mo in the rootse0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- high Mo concentration of 2000 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the active accumulation of Mo in the roots reached 80% after inoculation at the high Mo concentration of 2000 mg/kg”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation enhanced net photosynthesis and pigment content.
- Treatment
- Inoculationt0
- Interactor
- AMFt0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic and pigment contente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing the net photosynthetic and pigment content”
t0“AMF Inoculation Alleviates Molybdenum Toxicity to Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased biomass through nutrient uptake.
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- by enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation also increased the biomass by enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu, to resist Mo stress”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation enhanced uptake of P, K and Zn.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu”
t0“AMF Inoculation Alleviates Molybdenum Toxicity to Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation enhanced uptake of Cu.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu”
t0“AMF Inoculation Alleviates Molybdenum Toxicity to Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
C. etunicatum and R. intraradices tolerated Mo stress.
- Interactor
- C. etunicatum
Entrophospora etunicatae0symbiont - Second interactor
- R. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- C. etunicatum and R. intraradices were tolerant to the Mo stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. etunicatum and R. intraradices were tolerant to the Mo stress”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices showed stronger Mo tolerance than C. etunicatum.
- Interactor
- R. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Second interactor
- C. etunicatumEntrophospora etunicatae0symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerance to Moe0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- C. etunicatume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices inhibited Mo transport more strongly than C. etunicatum.
- Interactor
- R. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- Mo transporte0
- Direction
- stronger inhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo, which was manifested by a stronger inhibition of Mo transport and a higher uptake of nutrient elements”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices produced higher nutrient uptake than C. etunicatum.
- Interactor
- R. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of nutrient elementse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo, which was manifested by a stronger inhibition of Mo transport and a higher uptake of nutrient elements”
t0“Maize”
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