Abstract
Introduction High salinity significantly hampers global agricultural productivity. Plants typically undergo lower nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under salt stress. As an active byproduct from brassinolide biosynthesis, 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) is involved in regulating the stress-treated plant N absorption and assimilation. However, the exogenous EBR application effects’ on N absorption and assimilation in apple exposed to the salt-stressed condition remains unclear. Methods We sprayed exogenous EBR (0.2 mg L −1 ) on apple dwarf rootstock (M9T337) seedlings (growing hydroponically) under salt (NaCl) stress in a growth chamber. We analyzed the seedling development, photosynthesis and its-mediated C fixation, N ( NO3− ) absorption and assimilation in reponse to exogenous EBR application under salt stress. Results The findings demonstrated that NaCl stress greatly hampered seedlings’ root growth and that exogenous EBR application obviously alleviated this growth suppression. Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants. Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress. Conclusion Our findings imply that exogenous EBR application, through strengthening photosynthesis, C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, nitrate absorption and transport as well as synchronized optimizing the distribution of seedlings’ C and N, has a fundamental role in improving NUE in apple rootstock seedlings under salt stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress hampered seedling root growth.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- hamperede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress greatly hampered seedlings’ root growth”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous EBR alleviated NaCl suppression of root growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- exogenous EBR applicatione0
- Outcome
- growth suppressione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous EBR application obviously alleviated this growth suppression.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR improved root morphology and activity under NaCl relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- root morphology and root activitye0
- Direction
- more ideale0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR increased salt stress tolerance under NaCl relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- salt stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR increased photosynthetic capacity under NaCl relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacitye0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR raised carbon assimilation enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- C- and N-assimilation enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR raised nitrate ion flow rate.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- NO3− ion flow ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR raised nitrate transporter gene expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Gene
- nitrate transporter genee0
- Outcome
- nitrate transporter gene expression levele0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO3− ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR enhanced carbon photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- exogenous EBR applicatione0
- Outcome
- 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to rootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR enhanced nitrate transport from roots to leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- exogenous EBR applicatione1
- Outcome
- 15 NO3− transport from roots to leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer EBR improves nitrogen use efficiency under salt stress through improved photosynthesis, assimilation, nitrate handling and carbon and nitrogen distribution.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous EBR applicatione0
- Outcome
- improving NUEe0
- Qualifier
- through strengthening photosynthesis, C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, nitrate absorption and transport as well as synchronized optimizing the distribution of seedlings’ C and Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous EBR application, through strengthening photosynthesis, C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, nitrate absorption and transport as well as synchronized optimizing the distribution of seedlings’ C and N, has a fundamental role in improving NUE in apple rootstock seedlings under salt stress.”
t0“apple”
e1“Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13 C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO3− transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress.”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
24-epi-brassinolide · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
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6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.