Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria represent a risk to global food production by impacting a variety of crops. The aim of this study was to characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits and test their activity against six phytopathogenic bacteria that affect horticultural crops. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC−MS) was used for the chemical profiling of the aqueous methanol extracts, and their bacteriostatic activity against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria (formerly Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) was determined in vitro through the agar dilution method. The protective effect of the leaf extract was tested in vivo against the most relevant bacterial pathogens based on their economic/scientific importance, i.e., C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and P. syringae pv. pisi, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. The GC−MS characterization of G. biloba extracts revealed the presence of dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechol, 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside, and 3-methyl mannoside. In vitro growth inhibition tests showed that, while the fruit extract had no activity, the leaf extract exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1, which may be attributed to the presence of 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechol. In vivo tests of the leaf extract demonstrated full protection in tomato and pea plants at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1, respectively. The results indicate that G. biloba leaves may be employed as a biorational source for integrated pest management in horticulture.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba inhibited growth of phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo bilobae1 - Treatment
- leaf extracte2
- Interactor
- phytopathogenic bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- minimum inhibitory concentrationse2
- Direction
- exhibitede2
- Value
- 500 and 1000 μg mL−1e2
- Comparator
- fruit extracte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytopathogenic bacteria represent a risk to global food production by impacting a variety of crops”
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e2“In vitro growth inhibition tests showed that, while the fruit extract had no activity, the leaf extract exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit extract of Ginkgo biloba had no growth-inhibiting activity against phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae1
- Treatment
- fruit extracte2
- Interactor
- phytopathogenic bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione2
- Direction
- had no activitye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytopathogenic bacteria represent a risk to global food production by impacting a variety of crops”
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e2“In vitro growth inhibition tests showed that, while the fruit extract had no activity, the leaf extract exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The in vitro activity of the leaf extract may be attributed to 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechol.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae1
- Compound
- 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechole3
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e2“In vitro growth inhibition tests showed that, while the fruit extract had no activity, the leaf extract exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1”
e3“which may be attributed to the presence of 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechol”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechol in Ginkgo biloba extracts.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae1
- Outcome
- dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechole4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e4“The GC−MS characterization of G. biloba extracts revealed the presence of dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechol, 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside, and 3-methyl mannoside”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose and methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside in Ginkgo biloba extracts.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae1
- Outcome
- 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranosidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e4“The GC−MS characterization of G. biloba extracts revealed the presence of dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechol, 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside, and 3-methyl mannoside”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected 3-methyl mannoside in Ginkgo biloba extracts.
- Taxon
- Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo bilobae1
- Outcome
- 3-methyl mannosidee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits”
e4“The GC−MS characterization of G. biloba extracts revealed the presence of dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechol, 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside, and 3-methyl mannoside”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba demonstrated full protection of tomato plants against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1 respectively, under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume5 - Treatment
- leaf extracte6
- Interactor
- C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensise5pathogen - Outcome
- full protectione6
- Direction
- demonstratede6
- Value
- 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1e6
- Qualifier
- respectivelye6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The protective effect of the leaf extract was tested in vivo against the most relevant bacterial pathogens based on their economic/scientific importance, i.e., C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and P. syringae pv. pisi, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants, respectively, under greenhouse conditions”
e6“In vivo tests of the leaf extract demonstrated full protection in tomato and pea plants at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba demonstrated full protection of pea plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1 respectively, under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse5 - Treatment
- leaf extracte6
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. pisi
Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisie5pathogen - Outcome
- full protectione6
- Direction
- demonstratede6
- Value
- 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1e6
- Qualifier
- respectivelye6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The protective effect of the leaf extract was tested in vivo against the most relevant bacterial pathogens based on their economic/scientific importance, i.e., C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and P. syringae pv. pisi, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants, respectively, under greenhouse conditions”
e6“In vivo tests of the leaf extract demonstrated full protection in tomato and pea plants at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginkgo biloba leaves may be employed as a biorational source for integrated pest management in horticulture.
- Taxon
- G. bilobaGinkgo bilobae7
- Outcome
- biorational source for integrated pest managemente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The results indicate that G. biloba leaves may be employed as a biorational source for integrated pest management in horticulture”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · disease · Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
botanical · Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.