Abstract
Overseeded perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) turf on dormant bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon Pers. L) in transitional climatic zones (TCZ) experience a severe reduction in its growth due to cold stress. Primary plant nutrients play an important role in the cold stress tolerance of plants. To better understand the cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass under TCZ, a three-factor and five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a regression model was used to study the interactive effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and their detoxification by the photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The study demonstrated substantial effects of N, P, and K fertilization on ROS production and their detoxification through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress. Our results demonstrated that the cold stress significantly enhanced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide contents, while simultaneously decreasing ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and photosynthetic pigments in overseeded perennial ryegrass. However, N, P, and K application mitigated cold stress-provoked adversities by enhancing soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, catalase, and proline contents as compared to the control conditions. Moreover, N, P, and, K application enhanced chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress as compared to the control treatments. Collectively, this 2−years study indicated that N, P, and K fertilization mitigated cold stress by activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense systems, thereby concluding that efficient nutrient management is the key to enhanced cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass in a transitional climate. These findings revealed that turfgrass management will not only rely on breeding new varieties but also on the development of nutrient management strategies for coping cold stress.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress increased malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennet0 - Treatment
- cold stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cold stress significantly enhanced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide contents”
t0“perennial ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress decreased ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- cold stresst0
- Outcome
- ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and photosynthetic pigments in overseeded perennial ryegrass”
t0“cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K application increased soluble protein, superoxide dismutase and peroxide dismutase under cold stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K applicatione0
- Outcome
- soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and K application mitigated cold stress-provoked adversities by enhancing soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, catalase, and proline contents as compared to the control conditions”
t0“perennial ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K application increased catalase and proline under cold stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K applicatione0
- Outcome
- catalase, and proline contentse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and K application mitigated cold stress-provoked adversities by enhancing soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, catalase, and proline contents as compared to the control conditions”
t0“perennial ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K application increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll under cold stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- N, P, and, K applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and, K application enhanced chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress as compared to the control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K application increased carotenoids under cold stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- N, P, and, K applicatione0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and, K application enhanced chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress as compared to the control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that fertilization mitigates cold stress by activating antioxidant defenses.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- mitigated cold stresse0
- Qualifier
- activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and K fertilization mitigated cold stress by activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense systems”
t0“perennial ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend nutrient management strategies for coping with cold stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Outcome
- development of nutrient management strategies for coping cold stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“development of nutrient management strategies for coping cold stress”
t0“perennial ryegrass”
The same questions in other papers
cold · physiology: photosynthesis · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
nitrogen · physiology: pigments · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
phosphorus · physiology: pigments · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
nitrogen · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.