Abstract
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is one of the most important light sources in the plant industry for enhancing growth and specific metabolites in plants. In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions. The results showed that the highest fresh weight was achieved under red LED light, whereas the highest shoot and root lengths were recorded below the blue LED light. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, 8 glucosinolates (GSLs), and 5 different carotenoids. The phenylpropanoid and GSL contents were highest under blue LED light. In contrast, the carotenoid content was found to be maximum beneath white LED light. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the 71 identified metabolites using HPLC and gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) showed a clear separation, indicating that different LEDs exhibited variation in the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites. A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that blue LED light accumulated the highest amount of primary and secondary metabolites. Overall, our results demonstrate that exposure of kohlrabi sprouts to blue LED light is the most suitable condition for the highest growth and is effective in increasing the phenylpropanoid and GSL content, whereas white light might be used to enhance carotenoid compounds in kohlrabi sprouts.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Red LED light gave the highest fresh weight of kohlrabi sprouts compared with other LED conditions.
- Taxon
- kohlrabi
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodese0 - Organ / stage
- 10 days olde0
- Treatment
- red LED lighte1
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- different LED light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e1“The results showed that the highest fresh weight was achieved under red LED light, whereas the highest shoot and root lengths were recorded below the blue LED light”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED light gave the highest shoot and root lengths of kohlrabi sprouts compared with other LED conditions.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- blue LED lighte1
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- different LED light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e1“The results showed that the highest fresh weight was achieved under red LED light, whereas the highest shoot and root lengths were recorded below the blue LED light”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC analysis identified 13 phenylpropanoid compounds in kohlrabi sprouts.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid compoundse2
- Value
- 13e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e2“high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, 8 glucosinolates (GSLs), and 5 different carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC analysis identified 8 glucosinolates in kohlrabi sprouts.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Outcome
- glucosinolates (GSLs)e2
- Value
- 8e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e2“high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, 8 glucosinolates (GSLs), and 5 different carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC analysis identified 5 carotenoids in kohlrabi sprouts.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse2
- Value
- 5e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e2“high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, 8 glucosinolates (GSLs), and 5 different carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED light gave the highest phenylpropanoid and GSL contents in kohlrabi sprouts compared with other LED conditions.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- blue LED lighte3
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid and GSL contentse3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- different LED light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e3“The phenylpropanoid and GSL contents were highest under blue LED light”
Claim · model-written summary
White LED light gave the maximum carotenoid content in kohlrabi sprouts compared with other LED conditions.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- white LED lighte4
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Comparator
- different LED light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e4“In contrast, the carotenoid content was found to be maximum beneath white LED light”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED light accumulated the highest amount of primary and secondary metabolites in kohlrabi sprouts compared with other LED conditions.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- blue LED lighte5
- Outcome
- primary and secondary metabolitese5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Comparator
- different LED light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e5“A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that blue LED light accumulated the highest amount of primary and secondary metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component and PLS-DA analyses showed a clear separation of kohlrabi sprouts under different LEDs by metabolite profile.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Outcome
- clear separatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this study, we analyzed the growth, primary and secondary metabolites of 10 days old kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) sprouts exposed to different LED light conditions”
e7“showed a clear separation, indicating that different LEDs exhibited variation in the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
White light might be used to enhance carotenoid compounds in kohlrabi sprouts.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese6
- Treatment
- white lighte6
- Outcome
- enhance carotenoid compoundse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“whereas white light might be used to enhance carotenoid compounds in kohlrabi sprouts”
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