Abstract
Sustainable development needs climate-smart food production systems. This study examined maize responses to irrigation levels of 70, 85, and 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and blended fertilizer rates of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1, in factorial combinations. Blended fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and boron (NPSB). A field experiment was conducted for two seasons (2020 and 2021) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicate that the earliest tasseling (68 days), silking (73.5 days), and maturity (117 days) were recorded at the interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB. In response to the interaction effect of 30% deficit irrigation with the highest fertilizer level, the highest canopy cover (2.5) and stem diameter (4.35 cm) were recorded at 70% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB. Plants also produced the highest leaf area index (4.47) and height (2.53 m) at full irrigation level with the highest fertilizer. The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB . The highest harvest index (32.33%) and fertilizer use efficiency (51.1 kg kg−1) were recorded at 85% ETc × 100 kg ha−1 NPSB, and 100% ETc × 50 kg ha−1 NPSB, respectively. The highest water productivity was obtained in response to the main effects of 30% deficit irrigation (2.71 kg m−3) and 150 kg ha−1 NPSB (3.21 kg m−3). The future maize productivity is projected to decrease by up to 15.11% by 2030, 2050, and 2070, under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Based on the results, using 85% ETc with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB is optimum. Policymakers and agricultural offices better consider climate-smart maize production systems in Ethiopia.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The earliest tasseling of maize, 68 days, occurred with up to 30% deficit irrigation combined with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- tasselinge0
- Direction
- earlieste0
- Value
- 68 dayse0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“earliest tasseling (68 days), silking (73.5 days), and maturity (117 days) were recorded at the interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The earliest silking of maize, 73.5 days, occurred with up to 30% deficit irrigation combined with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- silkinge0
- Direction
- earlieste0
- Value
- 73.5 dayse0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“earliest tasseling (68 days), silking (73.5 days), and maturity (117 days) were recorded at the interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The earliest maturity of maize, 117 days, occurred with up to 30% deficit irrigation combined with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- earlieste0
- Value
- 117 dayse0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“earliest tasseling (68 days), silking (73.5 days), and maturity (117 days) were recorded at the interaction effect of up to 30% deficit irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize canopy cover (2.5) was recorded at 70% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 70% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- canopy covere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.5e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“the highest canopy cover (2.5) and stem diameter (4.35 cm) were recorded at 70% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize stem diameter (4.35 cm) was recorded at 70% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 70% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.35 cme0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“the highest canopy cover (2.5) and stem diameter (4.35 cm) were recorded at 70% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize leaf area index (4.47) occurred at full irrigation with the highest fertilizer level.
- Treatment
- full irrigation level with the highest fertilizere0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.47e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“Plants also produced the highest leaf area index (4.47) and height (2.53 m) at full irrigation level with the highest fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest maize plant height (2.53 m) occurred at full irrigation with the highest fertilizer level.
- Treatment
- full irrigation level with the highest fertilizere0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.53 me0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“Plants also produced the highest leaf area index (4.47) and height (2.53 m) at full irrigation level with the highest fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize cob length (23.4 cm) was recorded at 100% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- cob lengthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.4 cme0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest number of kernels per cob (586) was recorded at 100% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- number of kernels per cobe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 586e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest thousand kernels weight (395 g) was recorded at 100% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- thousand kernels weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 395ge0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1) was recorded at 100% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.27 ton ha−1e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) was recorded at 100% ETc with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.8 ton ha−1e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest cob length (23.4 cm), number of kernels per cob (586), thousand kernels weight (395g), biomass yield (23.27 ton ha−1), and grain yield (8.8 ton ha−1) were recorded at 100% ETc × 150 kg ha−1 NPSB”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest maize harvest index (32.33%) was recorded at 85% ETc with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 85% ETc × 100 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 32.33%e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest harvest index (32.33%) and fertilizer use efficiency (51.1 kg kg−1) were recorded at 85% ETc × 100 kg ha−1 NPSB, and 100% ETc × 50 kg ha−1 NPSB, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fertilizer use efficiency (51.1 kg kg−1) was recorded at 100% ETc with 50 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 100% ETc × 50 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- fertilizer use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 51.1 kg kg−1e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest harvest index (32.33%) and fertilizer use efficiency (51.1 kg kg−1) were recorded at 85% ETc × 100 kg ha−1 NPSB, and 100% ETc × 50 kg ha−1 NPSB, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water productivity as a main effect (2.71 kg m−3) was obtained with 30% deficit irrigation.
- Treatment
- 30% deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.71 kg m−3e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest water productivity was obtained in response to the main effects of 30% deficit irrigation (2.71 kg m−3) and 150 kg ha−1 NPSB (3.21 kg m−3)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water productivity as a main effect (3.21 kg m−3) was obtained with 150 kg ha−1 NPSB.
- Treatment
- 150 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.21 kg m−3e0
- Setting
- Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopiat1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
t1“Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia”
e0“The highest water productivity was obtained in response to the main effects of 30% deficit irrigation (2.71 kg m−3) and 150 kg ha−1 NPSB (3.21 kg m−3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize productivity is projected to decrease by up to 15.11% by 2030, 2050 and 2070 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The future maize productivity is projected to decrease by up to 15.11% by 2030, 2050, and 2070, under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Using 85% ETc with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB is recommended as the optimum for maize.
- Outcome
- using 85% ETc with 100 kg ha−1 NPSBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using 85% ETc with 100 kg ha−1 NPSB is optimum”
t0“maize”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →boron atom · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
52 papers more in this group
See all 56 papers →sulfur atom · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
68 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
78 papers more in this group
See all 82 papers →boron atom · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
71 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
79 papers more in this group
See all 83 papers →boron atom · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
sulfur atom · phenology · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sulfur atom · nutrient: efficiency · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sulfur atom · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 24 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.