Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient for plant nutrition, however, its fertilization management is still very complex. To evaluate wheat N utilization efficiency (NUtE) and yield in response to N fertilization management considering the influence of environmental conditions, an experiment was carried out in three field conditions in Southern Brazil: Londrina in rainfed and irrigation conditions, and Ponta Grossa in rainfed. A complete (2 × 2 × 2) + 1 factorial arrangement evaluated two N rates (40 and 80 kg ha-1), two N sources (ammonium nitrate and urea), two N timings of fertilization (at sowing or at the beginning of plant tillering), and additional treatment without N fertilization. Agronomic characteristics related to wheat productivity and N plant nutrition were evaluated. Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis, which partially explained the better grain yield in the irrigated condition. The higher N accumulation in the shoot dry matter was essential for grain yield increase in the environments with lower water deficit, based on their higher NUtE for grain yield. Nitrogen fertilization reduced NUtE for grain yield in Londrina (in rainfed and irrigation conditions), and increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all environments. In a colder condition (i.e. Ponta Grossa), the use of a higher N rate at sowing provided greater grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and density of fertile spikes. Nitrogen rate can be reduced in warmer and wetter environmental conditions that favor the mineralization of soil organic matter and the decomposition of soybean straw. The choice for urea or ammonium nitrate can be based on economic criteria in environments with low water deficit and low potential for NH3 volatilization. Nitrogen fertilization carried out exclusively at wheat sowing may be suitable to supply spring wheat N requirements.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis in wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis, which partially explained the better grain yield in the irrigated condition”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation gave better wheat grain yield in the irrigated condition.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Setting
- irrigated conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis, which partially explained the better grain yield in the irrigated condition”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher density of fertile spikes and N accumulation partly explain the better grain yield under irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- partially explainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation increased the density of fertile spikes and the N accumulated in the shoot dry matter at anthesis, which partially explained the better grain yield in the irrigated condition”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher N accumulation in the shoot dry matter was essential for the grain yield increase in environments with lower water deficit.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher N accumulation in the shoot dry mattere1
- Outcome
- grain yield increasee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- environments with lower water deficite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The higher N accumulation in the shoot dry matter was essential for grain yield increase in the environments with lower water deficit, based on their higher NUtE for grain yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NUtE for grain yield occurred in environments with lower water deficit.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NUtE for grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- environments with lower water deficite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The higher N accumulation in the shoot dry matter was essential for grain yield increase in the environments with lower water deficit, based on their higher NUtE for grain yield”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization reduced NUtE for grain yield in Londrina under rainfed and irrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- NUtE for grain yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Setting
- Londrinae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Nitrogen fertilization reduced NUtE for grain yield in Londrina (in rainfed and irrigation conditions), and increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all environments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all environments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- NUtE for shoot dry matter productione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- all environmentse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Nitrogen fertilization reduced NUtE for grain yield in Londrina (in rainfed and irrigation conditions), and increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all environments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher N rate at sowing gave greater grain yield, thousand-grain weight and density of fertile spikes in the colder Ponta Grossa environment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher N rate at sowinge3
- Outcome
- grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and density of fertile spikese3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Setting
- colder condition (i.e. Ponta Grossa)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In a colder condition (i.e. Ponta Grossa), the use of a higher N rate at sowing provided greater grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and density of fertile spikes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate can be reduced in warmer and wetter environmental conditions.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen ratee4
- Qualifier
- in warmer and wetter environmental conditionse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Nitrogen rate can be reduced in warmer and wetter environmental conditions that favor the mineralization of soil organic matter and the decomposition of soybean straw”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The choice of urea or ammonium nitrate can be based on economic criteria in environments with low water deficit.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- urea or ammonium nitratee5
- Qualifier
- economic criteriae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The choice for urea or ammonium nitrate can be based on economic criteria in environments with low water deficit”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization exclusively at sowing may be suitable to supply spring wheat N requirements.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilization carried out exclusively at wheat sowinge6
- Outcome
- N requirementse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Nitrogen fertilization carried out exclusively at wheat sowing may be suitable to supply spring wheat N requirements”
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