Abstract
Propolis is a resinous substances collected by honey bees, It cannot be used as a raw material, so it must be purified by extraction with solvent. This work aimed to study the physiological influence of propolis extract as foliar application or soil drench on faba bean plants and its role against nematode infection. Propolis samples were extracted by using three different solvents (distilled water or 70% ethanol or acetone) (750 and 1000 mg/l). Qualitative tests of the propolis extracts proved that these extracts contain sterols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Moreover, few numbers of phenolic acids (coumaric, ferulic, salicylic and benzoic acid) were also detected on TLC plates. All treatments of propolis extract (as foliar application or soil drench) increased total chlorophyll and carotenoid and the magnitude of increase was more pronounced by applying the higher concentration (1000 mg/l). Moreover, alll propolis extracts increased shoot height; root dry weight; number of branches and pods/plant; number of seeds/pod as well as seed index. Acetonic extract was the most effective particularly at higher concentration. Applying propolis extracts as foliar application or soil drench caused an increase in carbohydrate content of the yielded seeds accompanied by a decrease in phytic acid and vicine content. In addition, foliar application of all propolis extracts caused an increasing in protein content and phenolic compounds of the yielded seeds, whereas, soil drench with ethanolic or acetonic extract only at 1000 mg/L increased protein content. The data revealed that the propolis extract as soil drench reduced the juvenile-Meloidogyne sp.-population density per one kg soil and number of root-galls per one gm roots specially at the higher concentration (1000 mg/l). It is worthy to mention that faba bean plants treated with propolis extract either as foliar application or soil drench could overcome the inhibitory influence of nematode infection.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis extracts contained sterols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- faba bean plants
Vicia fabat0 - Outcome
- sterols, flavonoids and phenolic compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these extracts contain sterols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis extracts contained coumaric, ferulic, salicylic and benzoic acid.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- coumaric, ferulic, salicylic and benzoic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic acids (coumaric, ferulic, salicylic and benzoic acid) were also detected”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar or soil propolis application increased chlorophyll and carotenoids, more at 1000 mg/l.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extract (as foliar application or soil drench)e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll and carotenoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- higher concentration (1000 mg/l)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments of propolis extract (as foliar application or soil drench) increased total chlorophyll and carotenoid and the magnitude of increase was more pronounced by applying the higher concentration (1000 mg/l).”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis extracts increased shoot height, root dry weight and branch number.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extractse0
- Outcome
- shoot height; root dry weight; number of branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alll propolis extracts increased shoot height; root dry weight; number of branches and pods/plant; number of seeds/pod as well as seed index.”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis extracts increased pod and seed numbers and seed index.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extractse0
- Outcome
- pods/plant; number of seeds/pod as well as seed indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alll propolis extracts increased shoot height; root dry weight; number of branches and pods/plant; number of seeds/pod as well as seed index.”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetonic propolis extract was most effective, especially at higher concentration.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Acetonic extracte0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetonic extract was the most effective particularly at higher concentration.”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis application increased carbohydrate content of yielded seeds.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extracts as foliar application or soil drenche0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate content of the yielded seedse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying propolis extracts as foliar application or soil drench caused an increase in carbohydrate content of the yielded seeds accompanied by a decrease in phytic acid and vicine content.”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis application decreased phytic acid and vicine content of yielded seeds.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extracts as foliar application or soil drenche0
- Outcome
- phytic acid and vicine contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying propolis extracts as foliar application or soil drench caused an increase in carbohydrate content of the yielded seeds accompanied by a decrease in phytic acid and vicine content.”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar propolis application increased seed protein and phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- foliar application of all propolis extractse0
- Outcome
- protein content and phenolic compounds of the yielded seedse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of all propolis extracts caused an increasing in protein content and phenolic compounds of the yielded seeds”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drench with ethanolic or acetonic extract at 1000 mg/L increased protein content.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil drench with ethanolic or acetonic extract only at 1000 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil drench with ethanolic or acetonic extract only at 1000 mg/L increased protein content”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drench with propolis reduced Meloidogyne juvenile density in soil.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extract as soil drenche0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne sp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee0pathogen - Outcome
- juvenile-Meloidogyne sp.-population density per one kg soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the propolis extract as soil drench reduced the juvenile-Meloidogyne sp.-population density per one kg soil and number of root-galls per one gm roots”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drench with propolis reduced root galls.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- propolis extract as soil drenche0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne sp.Meloidogynee0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of root-galls per one gm rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the propolis extract as soil drench reduced the juvenile-Meloidogyne sp.-population density per one kg soil and number of root-galls per one gm roots”
t0“faba bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Propolis treatment allowed faba bean plants to overcome the inhibitory effect of nematode infection.
- Taxon
- faba bean plantsVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- propolis extract either as foliar application or soil drenche0
- Outcome
- inhibitory influence of nematode infectione0
- Direction
- overcomee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“faba bean plants treated with propolis extract either as foliar application or soil drench could overcome the inhibitory influence of nematode infection”
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