Abstract
The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants. In the pathogenicity test, the fungus Fusarium solani showed the highest percentages of pre-and post-emergence damping-off followed by Rhizoctonia solani and F. semitectum. Meanwhile, Alternaria sp. caused the least figures of pre-and post-damping-off followed by fungus-like Pythium ultimum. Data demonstrated that the tested bioagents Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the CRIs resulted in a significant reduction to the linear growth of both F. solani and R. solani compared with control treatment with reduction-concentration dependent. In addition, CRIs were less efficient in this regard than the bioagents. The obtained results revealed that soaking pea seeds in 100 mM Bion (BTH) for six hours, then pelleting them with supernatant of B. megaterium resulted in a significant reduction to the incidence of damping-off and root-rot severity caused by both tested fungi. Also, a significant increase to the plant height and the produced green pods yield was recorded compared to control treatment. Moreover, the most efficient treatment in reducing damping-off and root-rot severity and increasing each of plant height, number of pods/ plant and average weight of green pods (g) / plant was the combination with Bion and B. megaterium. Treating pea seeds with the tested Bacillus strains and the CRIs resulted in increasing of the total phenols in the roots pea plants compared with the plants of untreated seeds. The study recommends treatment of pea seeds in the mixture of Bion and B. megaterium to protect the roots and seedlings and improve the plant characteristics.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria sp. caused pea pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Interactor
- Alternaria sp.
Alternariae0pathogen - Outcome
- pre-and post-emergence damping–offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium semitectum caused pea pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium semitectumFusarium incarnatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pre-and post-emergence damping–offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani caused pea pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- pre-and post-emergence damping–offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia solani caused pea pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- pre-and post-emergence damping–offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum caused pea pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pre-and post-emergence damping–offe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The isolated fungi of Alternaria sp., Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and fungus-like Pythium ultimum caused pre-and post-emergence damping–off to pea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium solani caused the highest pre- and post-emergence damping-off percentages.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages of pre-and post-emergence damping-offe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fungus Fusarium solani showed the highest percentages of pre-and post-emergence damping-off”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia solani and F. semitectum followed Fusarium solani in damping-off incidence.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- F. semitectumFusarium incarnatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- followed by Rhizoctonia solani and F. semitectume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by Rhizoctonia solani and F. semitectum.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria sp. caused the least pre- and post-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Interactor
- Alternaria sp.Alternariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- pre-and post-damping-offe0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternaria sp. caused the least figures of pre-and post-damping-off”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum followed Alternaria sp. in low damping-off figures.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Interactor
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Outcome
- followed by fungus-like Pythium ultimume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by fungus-like Pythium ultimum.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus bioagents and chemical resistance inducers significantly reduced F. solani linear growth relative to control, with concentration dependence.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- tested bioagents Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the CRIse0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus megaterium
Priestia megateriume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- linear growth of both F. solani and R. solanie0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- reduction-concentration dependente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data demonstrated that the tested bioagents Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the CRIs resulted in a significant reduction to the linear growth of both F. solani and R. solani compared with control treatment with reduction-concentration dependent.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus bioagents and chemical resistance inducers significantly reduced R. solani linear growth relative to control, with concentration dependence.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- tested bioagents Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the CRIse0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- linear growth of both F. solani and R. solanie0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- reduction-concentration dependente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data demonstrated that the tested bioagents Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis and the CRIs resulted in a significant reduction to the linear growth of both F. solani and R. solani compared with control treatment with reduction-concentration dependent.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical resistance inducers were less efficient than bioagents at reducing fungal linear growth.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- CRIse0
- Outcome
- less efficiente0
- Direction
- less efficiente0
- Comparator
- bioagentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRIs were less efficient in this regard than the bioagents.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion soaking followed by B. megaterium supernatant pelleting significantly reduced pea damping-off incidence.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- soaking pea seeds in 100 mM Bion (BTH) for six hours, then pelleting them with supernatant of B. megateriume0
- Interactor
- B. megateriumPriestia megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- incidence of damping-offe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soaking pea seeds in 100 mM Bion (BTH) for six hours, then pelleting them with supernatant of B. megaterium resulted in a significant reduction to the incidence of damping-off and root-rot severity caused by both tested fungi.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined Bion and B. megaterium treatment significantly reduced pea root-rot severity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- soaking pea seeds in 100 mM Bion (BTH) for six hours, then pelleting them with supernatant of B. megateriume0
- Interactor
- B. megateriumPriestia megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soaking pea seeds in 100 mM Bion (BTH) for six hours, then pelleting them with supernatant of B. megaterium resulted in a significant reduction to the incidence of damping-off and root-rot severity caused by both tested fungi.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment significantly increased pea plant height relative to control.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, a significant increase to the plant height and the produced green pods yield was recorded compared to control treatment.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment significantly increased pea green-pod yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- green pods yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, a significant increase to the plant height and the produced green pods yield was recorded compared to control treatment.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The Bion plus B. megaterium combination was most efficient at reducing damping-off and root-rot severity.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combination with Bion and B. megateriume0
- Outcome
- damping-off and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most efficient treatment in reducing damping-off and root-rot severity and increasing each of plant height, number of pods/ plant and average weight of green pods (g) / plant was the combination with Bion and B. megaterium.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The Bion plus B. megaterium combination was most efficient at increasing plant height and pod number and weight.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- combination with Bion and B. megateriume0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of pods/ plant and average weight of green pods (g) / plante0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most efficient treatment in reducing damping-off and root-rot severity and increasing each of plant height, number of pods/ plant and average weight of green pods (g) / plant was the combination with Bion and B. megaterium.”
t0“Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus strains and chemical resistance inducers increased total phenols in pea roots versus untreated seeds.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- tested Bacillus strains and the CRIse0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- plants of untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating pea seeds with the tested Bacillus strains and the CRIs resulted in increasing of the total phenols in the roots pea plants compared with the plants of untreated seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Bion and B. megaterium seed treatment to protect roots and seedlings and improve plant characteristics.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- mixture of Bion and B. megateriume0
- Outcome
- treatment of pea seeds in the mixture of Bion and B. megateriume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study recommends treatment of pea seeds in the mixture of Bion and B. megaterium to protect the roots and seedlings and improve the plant characteristics.”
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