Abstract
Abstract Australian grain growers are showing interest in winter-planted sorghum to avoid heat and water stress during the grain-filling stage. Winter-planted sorghum may face competition from winter weeds, including sterile oats, and no herbicides are registered for controlling winter weeds in winter-planted sorghum. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify alternate herbicide options for sterile oats control in winter-sown imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant sorghum and (2) assess the crop injury levels due to herbicides. Sterile oats control with pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 , trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 , and prosulfocarb + S -metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1 was poor (<30%). Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100% and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control. Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control. Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control. This research identified herbicide treatments for the effective control of sterile oats in winter-sown IMI-resistant sorghum that could be used in rotations to reduce the reliance on single herbicide treatments.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 gave poor sterile oats control (<30%).
- Treatment
- pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- Sterile oatse0weed
- Outcome
- Sterile oats controle0
- Direction
- poore0
- Value
- <30%e0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e0“Sterile oats control with pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 , trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 , and prosulfocarb + S -metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1 was poor (<30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 gave poor sterile oats control (<30%).
- Treatment
- trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- Sterile oatse0weed
- Outcome
- Sterile oats controle0
- Direction
- poore0
- Value
- <30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e0“Sterile oats control with pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 , trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 , and prosulfocarb + S -metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1 was poor (<30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1 gave poor sterile oats control (<30%).
- Treatment
- prosulfocarb + S -metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1e0
- Interactor
- Sterile oatse0weed
- Outcome
- Sterile oats controle0
- Direction
- poore0
- Value
- <30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e0“Sterile oats control with pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 , trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 , and prosulfocarb + S -metolachlor at 2.3 kg ai ha −1 was poor (<30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 reduced sterile oats biomass by 93%.
- Treatment
- Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1e1
- Interactor
- sterile oatse1weed
- Outcome
- sterile oats biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 93%e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced sterile oats biomass by 96%.
- Treatment
- imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1e1
- Interactor
- sterile oatse1weed
- Outcome
- sterile oats biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 96%e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by imazamox + imazapyr reduced sterile oats biomass by 100%.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1e1
- Interactor
- sterile oatse1weed
- Outcome
- sterile oats biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 100%e1
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 increased sorghum yield by 116%.
- Treatment
- Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1e1
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 116%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 increased sorghum yield by 136%.
- Treatment
- imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1e1
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 136%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by imazamox + imazapyr increased sorghum yield by 140%.
- Treatment
- atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1e1
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 140%e2
- Comparator
- nontreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e1“Atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 , imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 , and atrazine at 2.7 kg ai ha −1 followed by imazamox + imazapyr at 0.048 kg ai ha −1 reduced the sterile oats biomass by 93%, 96%, and 100%”
e2“and increased yields by 116%, 136%, and 140%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the sorghum crop.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e3“Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the sorghum crop.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e3“Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 gave sorghum yields similar to the nontreated control.
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1e3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- similare3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e3“Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 gave sorghum yields similar to the nontreated control.
- Treatment
- trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1e3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- similare3
- Comparator
- nontreated controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e3“Pendimethalin at 0.59 kg ai ha −1 and trifluralin at 0.38 kg ai ha −1 caused phytotoxicity to the crop and gave similar yields to nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%).
- Treatment
- Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- weed controle4
- Direction
- moderatee4
- Value
- 44% to 65%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%).
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- weed controle4
- Direction
- moderatee4
- Value
- 44% to 65%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%).
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- weed controle4
- Direction
- moderatee4
- Value
- 44% to 65%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 increased sorghum yield by 68%.
- Treatment
- Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 68%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 increased sorghum yield by 108%.
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 108%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 increased sorghum yield by 80%.
- Treatment
- terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1e4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 80%e4
- Comparator
- nontreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“control in winter-planted sorghum”
e4“Triallate at 0.8 kg ai ha −1 , pyroxasulfone at 0.1 kg ai ha −1 , and terbuthylazine at 1.0 kg ai ha −1 provided moderate weed control (44% to 65%) and increased yields by 68%, 108%, and 80%, respectively, compared with nontreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments identified for effective sterile oats control in winter-sown IMI-resistant sorghum can be used in rotations to reduce reliance on single herbicide treatments.
- Outcome
- herbicide treatments for the effective control of sterile oatse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This research identified herbicide treatments for the effective control of sterile oats in winter-sown IMI-resistant sorghum that could be used in rotations to reduce the reliance on single herbicide treatments”
The same questions in other papers
atrazine · yield · SorghumResults differ
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
39 papers more in this group
See all 43 papers →trifluralin · control · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
metolachlor · control · SorghumPositive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
pendimethalin · crop injury · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
imazamox · growth · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →pendimethalin · yield · SorghumPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →atrazine · growth · SorghumPositive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →trifluralin · crop injury · SorghumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.