Abstract
Abstract Background The use of hazardous and toxic chemical material has become limited by the green synthesis of nano-particles (NPs) from plants and other living organisms. In the current study, a new nano-fertilizer was green synthesized from Paulownia tomentosa leaves and then its effectiveness in alleviation of drought stress in Ocimum basilicum was investigated. Five concentrations of nano-fertilizer (0, 50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm) at three irrigation regimes including 100% of field capacity (IRF100), 75% of field capacity (IRF75), and 50% of field capacity (IRF50) were evaluated. Nano-fertilizers were prepared using the green hydrothermal method. Results Based on TEM analyses nanoparticles sizes were 5–8 nm. The results of FTIR appearance indicated the main distinctive peaks of the Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs) in the spectrum. In addition, the nitrogen peaks in the XPS spectra indicate that the prepared carbon dots NFPs are nitrogen-doped. Moreover, there are functional groups, such as COOH or OH groups on the surface of Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs). The results illustrated that drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation; in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition. The O. basilicum biological yield was reduced in moderate (12.40%) and severe (24.42%) drought stress in comparison with full irrigation conditions (IRF100). Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs) caused an increase in soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigments. Application of NFP-90 reduced the production of proline and malondialdehyde, respectively, 51.8% and 30.8% compared to non-application under severe stress conditions, which indicates alleviated the adverse effect of drought stress. The highest biological yield of basil was obtained at a 110 ppm concentration of NFPs. Conclusion Overall, results showed that using NPs biosynthesized from Paulownia leaves could be an economically and environmentally friendly method as a nano-fertilizer. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
TEM showed nanoparticle sizes of 5–8 nm.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Based on TEM analyses nanoparticles sizes were 5–8 nm.”
Claim · model-written summary
FTIR showed the main distinctive peaks of Paulownia-based nanofertilizer.
- Outcome
- main distinctive peakse0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The results of FTIR appearance indicated the main distinctive peaks of the Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs) in the spectrum.”
Claim · model-written summary
XPS nitrogen peaks indicate that the carbon-dot nanofertilizer is nitrogen-doped.
- Outcome
- nitrogen-dopede0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“In addition, the nitrogen peaks in the XPS spectra indicate that the prepared carbon dots NFPs are nitrogen-doped.”
Claim · model-written summary
COOH or OH functional groups occur on the Paulownia-based nanofertilizer surface.
- Outcome
- COOH or OH groupse0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, there are functional groups, such as COOH or OH groups on the surface of Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs).”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased basil proline by 73% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results illustrated that drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased basil alcohol-soluble carbohydrates by 78% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- alcohol-soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results illustrated that drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased basil malondialdehyde by 41% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results illustrated that drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced basil soluble proteins by 73% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition.”
e1“drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced basil chlorophyll a by 46% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition.”
e1“drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced basil chlorophyll b by 39% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition.”
e1“drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced basil total chlorophyll by 42% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll totale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition.”
e1“drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced basil carotenoid by 77% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in contrast, soluble proteins (73%), Chlorophyll a (46%), Chlorophyll b (39%), Chlorophyll total (42%), and carotenoid (77%) were reduced in the same condition.”
e1“drought stress increased proline (73%), alcohol-soluble carbohydrates (78%), and malondialdehyde (41%) in comparison with normal irrigation”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate drought reduced O. basilicum biological yield by 12.40% relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- O. basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- moderatee0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.40%e0
- Qualifier
- drought stresse0
- Comparator
- full irrigation conditions (IRF100)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The O. basilicum biological yield was reduced in moderate (12.40%) and severe (24.42%) drought stress in comparison with full irrigation conditions (IRF100).”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced O. basilicum biological yield by 24.42% relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- O. basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- severee0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24.42%e0
- Qualifier
- drought stresse0
- Comparator
- full irrigation conditions (IRF100)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The O. basilicum biological yield was reduced in moderate (12.40%) and severe (24.42%) drought stress in comparison with full irrigation conditions (IRF100).”
Claim · model-written summary
Paulownia-based nanofertilizer increased basil soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs)e0
- Outcome
- soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paulownia-based nano-fertilizer (NFPs) caused an increase in soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe drought NFP-90 reduced basil proline production by 51.8% relative to non-application.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of NFP-90e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 51.8%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- non-applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NFP-90 reduced the production of proline and malondialdehyde, respectively, 51.8% and 30.8% compared to non-application under severe stress conditions, which indicates alleviated the adverse effect of drought stress.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe drought NFP-90 reduced basil malondialdehyde production by 30.8% relative to non-application.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of NFP-90e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.8%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- non-applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NFP-90 reduced the production of proline and malondialdehyde, respectively, 51.8% and 30.8% compared to non-application under severe stress conditions, which indicates alleviated the adverse effect of drought stress.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil biological yield was highest at 110 ppm NFPs.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- 110 ppm concentration of NFPse0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest biological yield of basil was obtained at a 110 ppm concentration of NFPs.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Paulownia-leaf nanoparticles could provide an economically and environmentally friendly nanofertilizer method.
- Outcome
- using NPs biosynthesized from Paulownia leavese0
- Qualifier
- could be an economically and environmentally friendly method as a nano-fertilizere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Overall, results showed that using NPs biosynthesized from Paulownia leaves could be an economically and environmentally friendly method as a nano-fertilizer.”
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