Abstract
Insufficient solar light in winter inside the greenhouse may lead to a lower quality of vegetable seedlings, and supplemental light is an effective technique to solve this problem. This study evaluated the impacts of supplementary white (W)-light-emitting diodes (LEDs), ultraviolet A LEDs (UV-A), white and blue LEDs (WB), the combinations of white and UV-A LEDs (W-UVA), and white, blue, and UV-A LEDs (WB-UVA) on the leaf morphology, photosynthetic traits, biomass accumulation, root architecture, and hormone content of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse. The results indicated that supplementary LED lighting led to a decreased plant height, shorter hypocotyl length, bigger leaf area, and thicker leaf compared with those grown with solar light only, regardless of light quality. The shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and seedling quality index of cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 30.8%, 3.2-fold, and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with those grown with natural light only. However, no significant differences were exhibited in the biomass accumulation of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings between the control and the UVA treatment. The cellulose content and stem firmness of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 49.9% and 13.1%, respectively, compared with those grown under white light only. Additionally, the cytokinin content of cucumber seedlings was promoted by over 36.7% by applying supplementary light. In summary, the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations led to compact morphological characteristics, superior mechanical properties, and preferable growth performance, which could be applied as an available lighting strategy to obtain the desired morphological and quality properties of vegetable seedlings.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary LED lighting decreased plant height of cucumber seedlings compared with solar light only, regardless of light quality.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativus
Cucumis sativuse0 - Material
- Tianjiao No. 5e0
- Treatment
- supplementary LED lightinge1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- regardless of light qualitye1
- Comparator
- solar light onlye1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e1“supplementary LED lighting led to a decreased plant height, shorter hypocotyl length, bigger leaf area, and thicker leaf compared with those grown with solar light only, regardless of light quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary LED lighting shortened hypocotyl length of cucumber seedlings compared with solar light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementary LED lightinge1
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe1
- Direction
- shortere1
- Qualifier
- regardless of light qualitye1
- Comparator
- solar light onlye1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e1“supplementary LED lighting led to a decreased plant height, shorter hypocotyl length, bigger leaf area, and thicker leaf compared with those grown with solar light only, regardless of light quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary LED lighting increased leaf area of cucumber seedlings compared with solar light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementary LED lightinge1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- biggere1
- Qualifier
- regardless of light qualitye1
- Comparator
- solar light onlye1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e1“supplementary LED lighting led to a decreased plant height, shorter hypocotyl length, bigger leaf area, and thicker leaf compared with those grown with solar light only, regardless of light quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary LED lighting thickened leaves of cucumber seedlings compared with solar light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementary LED lightinge1
- Outcome
- leafe1
- Direction
- thickere1
- Qualifier
- regardless of light qualitye1
- Comparator
- solar light onlye1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e1“supplementary LED lighting led to a decreased plant height, shorter hypocotyl length, bigger leaf area, and thicker leaf compared with those grown with solar light only, regardless of light quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of cucumber seedlings increased by 30.8% under combined white, blue and UVA light compared with natural light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiationse2
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 30.8%e2
- Comparator
- natural light onlye2
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e2“The shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and seedling quality index of cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 30.8%, 3.2-fold, and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with those grown with natural light only”
Claim · model-written summary
Root fresh weight of cucumber seedlings increased 3.2-fold under combined white, blue and UVA light compared with natural light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiationse2
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 3.2-folde2
- Comparator
- natural light onlye2
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e2“The shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and seedling quality index of cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 30.8%, 3.2-fold, and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with those grown with natural light only”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling quality index of cucumber seedlings increased 1.8-fold under combined white, blue and UVA light compared with natural light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiationse2
- Outcome
- seedling quality indexe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 1.8-folde2
- Comparator
- natural light onlye2
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e2“The shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and seedling quality index of cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 30.8%, 3.2-fold, and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared with those grown with natural light only”
Claim · model-written summary
UVA treatment did not change biomass accumulation of greenhouse cucumber seedlings compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- UVA treatmente3
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione3
- Direction
- no significant differencese3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e3“However, no significant differences were exhibited in the biomass accumulation of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings between the control and the UVA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellulose content of cucumber seedlings increased by 49.9% under combined white, blue and UVA light compared with white light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiationse4
- Outcome
- cellulose contente4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 49.9%e4
- Comparator
- white light onlye4
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e4“The cellulose content and stem firmness of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 49.9% and 13.1%, respectively, compared with those grown under white light only”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem firmness of cucumber seedlings increased by 13.1% under combined white, blue and UVA light compared with white light only.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiationse4
- Outcome
- stem firmnesse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 13.1%e4
- Comparator
- white light onlye4
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e4“The cellulose content and stem firmness of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings grown under the combinations of white, blue, and UVA radiations increased by 49.9% and 13.1%, respectively, compared with those grown under white light only”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary light increased cytokinin content of cucumber seedlings by over 36.7%.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementary lighte5
- Outcome
- cytokinin contente5
- Direction
- promotede5
- Value
- over 36.7%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e5“Additionally, the cytokinin content of cucumber seedlings was promoted by over 36.7% by applying supplementary light”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined white, blue and UVA lighting is recommended as a lighting strategy for the desired morphological and quality properties of cucumber seedlings.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativusCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- morphological and quality properties of vegetable seedlingse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) seedlings grown in the greenhouse”
e6“could be applied as an available lighting strategy to obtain the desired morphological and quality properties of vegetable seedlings”
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