Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes have been causing more economic losses and related damages to fruit crops in the Province of Ontario than previous estimates. We have been conducting surveys since 2019 for the presence of plant-parasitic nematodes in different orchards in the Niagara region. Collected soil samples were extracted for nematodes following Jenkins (1964). Among the plant-parasitic nematodes identified, we detected ring nematodes (Mesocriconema species) in 87% of the soil samples collected from different apricots fields, ranging from 20 to 200 ring nematode per kg of soil. The apricot cultivar was Haroblush and did not show any symptoms of nematode infestation. The morphometric measurements (mean in μm ± standard deviation, range) of the ring nematodes (adult females), n = 27), body length = (605 +/- 23, 550 - 650), stylet = (75 +/- 8, 65 - 79), a (total body length divided by maximum body diameter = 12 +/- 1.5, 10.2 - 13.9), b (total body length divided by pharyngeal length = 3.6 +/- 0.5, 3.2 - 3.9), c = 20, V (percentage of length from anterior end to vulva position in total body length) = 92 +/- 1.3,91 - 93), R (total body annules = 105 +/- 5, 100 - 110), Rvan (total annules between vulva and anus = 2), and Ran (total annules between anus and tail terminus = 5). Lips sclerotized, with conspicuous and elevated labial disc surrounding the oral aperture, sub-lateral lobes also conspicuous. The stylet was long and robust. Excretory pore was located between 30-31 annuli from the anterior end. The vulva located either between 6 and 7, but mostly between 7 and 8 annuli from the posterior end. The juveniles were similar to the females in body shape with: sub-lateral lobes present, stylet 55-60 µm long, total annuls 80-90, and fine longitudinal lines were observed. Based on the morphology (Figure 1) and morphometric characteristics, the nematode species was identified as Mesocriconema xenoplax, which was consistent with the description by Raski (1952). To further confirm, DNA was extracted from a total of 20 nematodes (females and juveniles), the D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rDNA amplified using the primer pair: D2A: 5´-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGT TG-3', D3B: 5'-TCCTCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3' (Nunn, 1992). The PCR product was purified and sequenced. The resulting sequence was deposited into the GenBank database and assigned with accession number ON130754. A BLAST search in the NCBI database revealed 99% similarity to sequences of M. xenoplax with accession numbers MH819082.1 and FN433854.1 from South Africa and California, respectively. Eight Haroblush plants were each inoculated with 100 ring nematodes/kg in 5-gallon pots. Haroblush without nematode were maintained as control. The nematode reproduction and symptoms were assessed after 6 and 24 months. The plants did not show below or aboveground symptoms after 6 months. However, root growth reduction, necrosis and death of feeder roots were observed after 24 months when compared to the control. Nematodes extracted from the soil had a mean of 512±48 and 1593±162 ring nematode/kg after 6 and 24 months, respectively, an indication of susceptibility. Mesocriconema xenoplax can cause 85% reduction in root biomass, and yield losses can occur at higher infestations (Pinkerton et al., 2004). Regardless, the potential impact and distribution of this nematode on apricots growth and yield in Ontario are not documented yet. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the ring nematode M. xenoplax on apricots from Ontario, Canada.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Ring nematodes were detected in 87% of apricot field soil samples at 20 to 200 per kg.
- Taxon
- apricots
Prunus armeniacae0 - Interactor
- Mesocriconema speciesMesocriconemae0pest
- Outcome
- ring nematodese0
- Value
- 87%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we detected ring nematodes (Mesocriconema species) in 87% of the soil samples collected from different apricots fields, ranging from 20 to 200 ring nematode per kg of soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Haroblush showed no nematode infestation symptoms in surveyed fields.
- Taxon
- apricotPrunus armeniacae0
- Material
- Haroblushe0
- Outcome
- symptoms of nematode infestatione0
- Direction
- did not showe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The apricot cultivar was Haroblush and did not show any symptoms of nematode infestation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphology identified the apricot ring nematode as Mesocriconema xenoplax.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Interactor
- Mesocriconema xenoplaxMesocriconema xenoplaxe0pest
- Outcome
- nematode species was identified as Mesocriconema xenoplaxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nematode species was identified as Mesocriconema xenoplax”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
The nematode sequence was 99% similar to M. xenoplax references.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Interactor
- M. xenoplaxe0pest
- Outcome
- similarity to sequences of M. xenoplaxe0
- Value
- 99%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A BLAST search in the NCBI database revealed 99% similarity to sequences of M. xenoplax with accession numbers MH819082.1 and FN433854.1 from South Africa and California, respectively.”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Haroblush had no visible symptoms after six months.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Material
- Haroblushe1
- Treatment
- inoculated with 100 ring nematodes/kge1
- Interactor
- ring nematodese1pest
- Outcome
- below or aboveground symptomse0
- Direction
- did not showe0
- Comparator
- without nematodee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants did not show below or aboveground symptoms after 6 months.”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
e1“Eight Haroblush plants were each inoculated with 100 ring nematodes/kg in 5-gallon pots. Haroblush without nematode were maintained as control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Haroblush developed reduced root growth, necrosis and feeder root death after 24 months.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with 100 ring nematodes/kge1
- Interactor
- ring nematodese1pest
- Outcome
- root growth reduction, necrosis and death of feeder rootse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root growth reduction, necrosis and death of feeder roots were observed after 24 months when compared to the control.”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
e1“Eight Haroblush plants were each inoculated with 100 ring nematodes/kg in 5-gallon pots. Haroblush without nematode were maintained as control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nematode counts reached 512±48 per kg after six months.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Interactor
- ring nematodee0pest
- Outcome
- Nematodes extracted from the soile0
- Value
- 512±48e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematodes extracted from the soil had a mean of 512±48 and 1593±162 ring nematode/kg after 6 and 24 months, respectively, an indication of susceptibility.”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nematode counts reached 1593±162 per kg after 24 months.
- Taxon
- ApricotsPrunus armeniacat0
- Interactor
- ring nematodee0pest
- Outcome
- Nematodes extracted from the soile0
- Value
- 1593±162 ring nematode/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematodes extracted from the soil had a mean of 512±48 and 1593±162 ring nematode/kg after 6 and 24 months, respectively, an indication of susceptibility.”
t0“First Report of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Apricots (Prunus armeniaca) in Ontario, Canada”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report M. xenoplax on apricots in Ontario for the first time.
- Taxon
- apricotsPrunus armeniacae0
- Interactor
- M. xenoplaxe0pest
- Outcome
- first report of the ring nematode M. xenoplax on apricotse0
- Setting
- Ontario, Canadae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of the ring nematode M. xenoplax on apricots from Ontario, Canada.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Prunus armeniaca (apricot)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.