Abstract
An infection of immature peach and apricot fruits by Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. is described. Since infection results in macroscopically visible lesions it is proposed that this type of infection be known as "quiescent" rather than latent. Symptoms have been induced in immature apricots by inoculation with conidia of the fungus and, after a period of quiescence, progressive rots developed from such infections as the fruit ripened. The fungus was re-isolated from surface-sterilized material bearing quiescent infections. Cultural evidence, together with field observations, indicate that a quiescent infection occurs naturally in the orchard, particularly in a season of moderate to severe blossom infection. Fruit losses during a dry harvest period are ascribed in the main to the activation of quiescent infections during fruit ripening. The histology of the lesion is described. The response of the host to infection is variable, but always includes a more or less extensive collapse and necrosis of the epidermis and of one or more layers of the hypodermis. Periderm formation may be associated with the necrogenic reaction. The results of a spray trial demonstrate that some measure of control of quiescent infection can be achieved by applying eradicant sprays during blossoming, and thus provide circumstantial evidence that a proportion of such infections can be established during this period. The quiescent infection is compared with other host-pathogen combinations in which infection is followed by a period of latency or quiescence, and suggestions are put forward as to the factors governing quiescence. The concept of "latent contamination" is re-evaluated in the light of the evidence presented in the present paper. It is argued that conidia alighting on the fruit surface during the growing period are more likely to give rise to a quiescent infection than to survive to produce an infection of the ripe fruit.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Immature peach fruits showed Sclerotinia infection with visible lesions.
- Taxon
- peach
Prunus persicae0 - Organ / stage
- immaturee0
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia fructicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- macroscopically visible lesionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An infection of immature peach and apricot fruits by Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. is described”
e1“infection results in macroscopically visible lesions”
Claim · model-written summary
Immature apricot fruits showed Sclerotinia infection with visible lesions.
- Taxon
- apricot
Prunus armeniacae0 - Organ / stage
- immaturee0
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia fructicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- macroscopically visible lesionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An infection of immature peach and apricot fruits by Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. is described”
e1“infection results in macroscopically visible lesions”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidial inoculation induced symptoms in immature apricots.
- Taxon
- apricotsPrunus armeniacae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with conidia of the funguse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia fructicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms have been induced in immature apricots by inoculation with conidia of the fungus”
e1“Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm.”
Claim · model-written summary
After quiescence, rots progressed as apricot fruits ripened.
- Taxon
- apricotsPrunus armeniacae1
- Outcome
- progressive rots developede0
- Qualifier
- as the fruit ripenede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after a period of quiescence, progressive rots developed from such infections as the fruit ripened”
e1“immature apricots”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was re-isolated from material bearing quiescent infections.
- Taxon
- apricotsPrunus armeniacae1
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia fructicolae2pathogen
- Outcome
- fungus was re-isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus was re-isolated from surface-sterilized material bearing quiescent infections”
e1“immature apricots”
e2“Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint.) Rehm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Quiescent infection occurred naturally in orchards, especially with moderate to severe blossom infection.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Outcome
- quiescent infection occurs naturallye0
- Qualifier
- moderate to severe blossom infectione0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a quiescent infection occurs naturally in the orchard, particularly in a season of moderate to severe blossom infection”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry-harvest fruit losses were attributed mainly to activation of quiescent infections during ripening.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Outcome
- Fruit lossese0
- Qualifier
- activation of quiescent infections during fruit ripeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit losses during a dry harvest period are ascribed in the main to the activation of quiescent infections during fruit ripening”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected fruit epidermis and at least one hypodermal layer collapsed and became necrotic.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Outcome
- collapse and necrosis of the epidermis and of one or more layers of the hypodermise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“always includes a more or less extensive collapse and necrosis of the epidermis and of one or more layers of the hypodermis”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Periderm formation could accompany the necrogenic reaction.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Outcome
- Periderm formatione0
- Qualifier
- may be associated with the necrogenic reactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Periderm formation may be associated with the necrogenic reaction”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Eradicant sprays during blossoming achieved some control of quiescent infection.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Treatment
- eradicant sprays during blossominge0
- Outcome
- quiescent infectione0
- Direction
- controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some measure of control of quiescent infection can be achieved by applying eradicant sprays during blossoming”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that some quiescent infections establish during blossoming.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae2
- Outcome
- infections can be establishede0
- Qualifier
- during blossominge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a proportion of such infections can be established during this period”
e1“eradicant sprays during blossoming”
e2“peach and apricot fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia landing on growing fruit were judged more likely to cause quiescent infection than to survive until ripeness.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae1
- Outcome
- quiescent infectione0
- Direction
- more likelye0
- Comparator
- survive to produce an infection of the ripe fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conidia alighting on the fruit surface during the growing period are more likely to give rise to a quiescent infection than to survive to produce an infection of the ripe fruit”
e1“peach and apricot fruits”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Prunus armeniaca (apricot)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.