Abstract
To explore the effects of iminodisuccinic acid (a chelating agent) on maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination under lead (Pb) stress, we comparatively analyzed the effects of applying different concentrations of iminodisuccinic acid (0, 5, 20, and 100 mmol·dm−3) and combined an addition of exogenous substances regulating reactive oxygen species production on maize seed germination, seedling growth, H2O2 content, NADPH oxidase activity, and antioxidant enzyme activities under Pb-stressed and Pb-free conditions. Iminodisuccinic acid (100 mmol·dm−3) significantly delayed seed germination under normal germination conditions and alleviated the inhibitory effects of Pb stress (20 mmol·dm−3) on seed germination. Under normal conditions (without Pb stress), the iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germination was enhanced by treatment with dimethylthiourea (a specific scavenger of reactive oxygen species) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), but diminished by treatment with H2O2, CaCl2, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole (a specific inhibitor of catalase). Under Pb stress, iminodisuccinic acid partially eliminated the excessive H2O2 accumulation, improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and weakened the high NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, Ca2+ chelation may be essential for maintaining the reactive oxygen species’ balance and improving seed germination and seedling growth by iminodisuccinic acid supplementation in maize under Pb stress. The proposed iminodisuccinic acid supplementation-based method improved maize seed germination in Pb-polluted soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mmol·dm−3, iminodisuccinic acid delayed maize germination under normal conditions.
- Treatment
- Iminodisuccinic acid (100 mmol·dm−3)e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- normal germination conditionse0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iminodisuccinic acid (100 mmol·dm−3) significantly delayed seed germination under normal germination conditions”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iminodisuccinic acid alleviated lead inhibition of maize germination.
- Treatment
- Iminodisuccinic acide0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- Pb stress (20 mmol·dm−3)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iminodisuccinic acid (100 mmol·dm−3) significantly delayed seed germination under normal germination conditions and alleviated the inhibitory effects of Pb stress (20 mmol·dm−3) on seed germination”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dimethylthiourea enhanced iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination in normal conditions.
- Treatment
- treatment with dimethylthioureae0
- Outcome
- iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germination was enhanced by treatment with dimethylthiourea”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride enhanced iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination in normal conditions.
- Treatment
- diphenyleneiodonium chloridee0
- Outcome
- iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germination was enhanced by treatment with dimethylthiourea (a specific scavenger of reactive oxygen species) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 diminished iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminished by treatment with H2O2, CaCl2, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 diminished iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminished by treatment with H2O2, CaCl2, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Diethyldithiocarbamic acid diminished iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminished by treatment with H2O2, CaCl2, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Aminotriazole diminished iminodisuccinic acid inhibition of germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminished by treatment with H2O2, CaCl2, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Under lead stress, iminodisuccinic acid reduced excess H2O2 accumulation.
- Treatment
- iminodisuccinic acide0
- Outcome
- excessive H2O2 accumulatione0
- Direction
- partially eliminatede0
- Qualifier
- Pb stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Pb stress, iminodisuccinic acid partially eliminated the excessive H2O2 accumulation”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under lead stress, iminodisuccinic acid improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activity.
- Treatment
- iminodisuccinic acide0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase and catalase activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Pb stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Pb stress, iminodisuccinic acid partially eliminated the excessive H2O2 accumulation, improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activity”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under lead stress, iminodisuccinic acid weakened high NADPH oxidase activity.
- Treatment
- iminodisuccinic acide0
- Outcome
- NADPH oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- weakenede0
- Qualifier
- Pb stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Pb stress, iminodisuccinic acid partially eliminated the excessive H2O2 accumulation, improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and weakened the high NADPH oxidase activity”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chelation may support reactive oxygen balance, germination, and seedling growth under lead stress.
- Treatment
- iminodisuccinic acid supplementatione0
- Compound
- Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Qualifier
- reactive oxygen species’ balancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca2+ chelation may be essential for maintaining the reactive oxygen species’ balance and improving seed germination and seedling growth by iminodisuccinic acid supplementation in maize under Pb stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Iminodisuccinic acid supplementation improved maize germination in lead-polluted soil.
- Treatment
- iminodisuccinic acid supplementation-based methode0
- Outcome
- maize seed germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- Pb-polluted soile0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proposed iminodisuccinic acid supplementation-based method improved maize seed germination in Pb-polluted soil”
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