Abstract
Abstract Ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen sulfide affect the cellular redox homeostasis by distinct mechanisms. This work aimed to compare their relative effect (set against the control) on the redox and hormonal state of maize seedlings by the application of an oxidant (5 mM H 2 O 2 ) and two reductants (5 mM ascorbate and 1 mM NaHS). Interestingly, NaHS significantly increased the reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione ratio in shoots, resulting in a more reduced cellular environment. In contrast, Asc decreased this ratio, leading to oxidative stress, while H 2 O 2 had no significant effect. Accordingly, the greatest increase in electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation was observed in Asc‐treated seedlings. Among the enzymes participating in the removal of H 2 O 2 , the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and catalase exhibited a great increase after 7 days of Asc treatment, while ascorbate peroxidase exhibited the highest activity after H 2 O 2 application. Besides Asc, H 2 O 2 also resulted in a great increase in the level of the stress hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid compared to H 2 S. These changes were accompanied by a great reduction of shoot fresh weight by Asc and H 2 O 2 but not by NaHS. This inhibition of growth is an indicator of oxidative stress induced by Asc and H 2 O 2 treatments. Interestingly, phenolic and flavonoid compounds varied significantly across treatments, suggesting redox regulation of their synthesis. The simultaneous changes in the studied parameters signify the crosstalk of hormones and antioxidants to regulate specific modifications in plant growth and metabolism via cellular redox regulation. The present results about the pivotal role of redox balance in maintaining physiological and biochemical processes offer insights into strategies for enhancing plant resilience and productivity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS significantly increased shoot reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- NaHSe0
- Outcome
- reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaHS significantly increased the reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione ratio in shoots”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate decreased the glutathione ratio.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Asc decreased this ratio, leading to oxidative stress”
e1“reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione ratio in shoots”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide had no significant effect on the glutathione ratio.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while H 2 O 2 had no significant effect.”
e1“reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione ratio in shoots”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate treatment produced the greatest increase in electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest increase in electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation was observed in Asc‐treated seedlings.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven days of ascorbate greatly increased three peroxide-removal enzyme activities.
- Treatment
- Asc treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and catalasee0
- Direction
- great increasee0
- Qualifier
- after 7 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and catalase exhibited a great increase after 7 days of Asc treatment”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase activity was highest after hydrogen peroxide application.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase exhibited the highest activity after H 2 O 2 application.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate increased jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acid levels relative to H2S.
- Treatment
- Asce0
- Outcome
- level of the stress hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acide0
- Direction
- great increasee0
- Comparator
- H 2 Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Besides Asc, H 2 O 2 also resulted in a great increase in the level of the stress hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid compared to H 2 S.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide increased jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acid levels relative to H2S.
- Treatment
- H 2 O 2e0
- Outcome
- level of the stress hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acide0
- Direction
- great increasee0
- Comparator
- H 2 Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Besides Asc, H 2 O 2 also resulted in a great increase in the level of the stress hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid compared to H 2 S.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate greatly reduced shoot fresh weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a great reduction of shoot fresh weight by Asc and H 2 O 2 but not by NaHS.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide greatly reduced shoot fresh weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a great reduction of shoot fresh weight by Asc and H 2 O 2 but not by NaHS.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS did not greatly reduce shoot fresh weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a great reduction of shoot fresh weight by Asc and H 2 O 2 but not by NaHS.”
t0“in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic and flavonoid compounds varied significantly across treatments.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic and flavonoid compounds varied significantly across treatments”
t0“in maize”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.