Abstract
Abstract Ethidium bromide (EB) and acridine orange (AO) bind to nucleic acids and are thus considered as potential mutagens. In this study, the effects of EB and AO on the germination behaviours of white, yellow, red, and purple maize seeds were investigated. The results indicate that low concentrations of EB (50 μg mL −1 ) and AO (500 μg mL −1 ) promote germination, particularly for the white and yellow seeds. However, high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) and AO (5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit germination, with the level of inhibition decreasing in the following order: white > yellow > red > purple. In addition, EB and AO induce H 2 O 2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, while the effects were enhanced by treatment with H 2 O 2 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a specific inhibitor of catalase. In addition, AO and EB profoundly increased NADPH oxidase activities in germinating seeds. The treatment of seeds with EB and AO did not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlings. The findings suggest that the mechanism of mutagen toxicity is related to the induction of ROS production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Low concentrations of EB (50 μg mL −1 ) promote maize seed germination.
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- EB (50 μg mL −1 )e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- promotee1
- Qualifier
- particularly for the white and yellow seedse1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e1“low concentrations of EB (50 μg mL −1 ) and AO (500 μg mL −1 ) promote germination, particularly for the white and yellow seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Low concentrations of AO (500 μg mL −1 ) promote maize seed germination.
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- AO (500 μg mL −1 )e1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- promotee1
- Qualifier
- particularly for the white and yellow seedse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e1“low concentrations of EB (50 μg mL −1 ) and AO (500 μg mL −1 ) promote germination, particularly for the white and yellow seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit maize seed germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e2“high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) and AO (5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit germination, with the level of inhibition decreasing in the following order: white > yellow > red > purple”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of AO (5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit maize seed germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e2“high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) and AO (5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit germination, with the level of inhibition decreasing in the following order: white > yellow > red > purple”
Claim · model-written summary
The inhibition of germination by high concentrations of EB and AO decreases in the order white > yellow > red > purple maize seeds.
- Material
- white > yellow > red > purplee2
- Outcome
- level of inhibitione2
- Direction
- decreasinge2
- Qualifier
- high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) and AO (5 mg mL −1 )e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e2“high concentrations of EB (0.5 mg mL −1 ) and AO (5 mg mL −1 ) significantly inhibit germination, with the level of inhibition decreasing in the following order: white > yellow > red > purple”
Claim · model-written summary
EB induces H 2 O 2 production in maize seeds in a concentration-dependent manner.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e3“EB and AO induce H 2 O 2 production in a concentration-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
AO induces H 2 O 2 production in maize seeds in a concentration-dependent manner.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e3“EB and AO induce H 2 O 2 production in a concentration-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Dimethyl thiourea, a ROS scavenger, partly reverses the effects of the mutagens on maize seed germination.
- Treatment
- dimethyl thioureae4
- Outcome
- effects of these mutagens on seed germinatione4
- Direction
- reversede4
- Qualifier
- partlye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e4“The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, partly reverses the effects of the mutagens on maize seed germination.
- Treatment
- diphenylene iodonium (DPI)e4
- Gene
- NADPH oxidasee4
- Outcome
- effects of these mutagens on seed germinatione4
- Direction
- reversede4
- Qualifier
- partlye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e4“The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with H 2 O 2 enhances the effects of the mutagens on maize seed germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e4“The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase”
e5“while the effects were enhanced by treatment with H 2 O 2 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a specific inhibitor of catalase”
Claim · model-written summary
The inhibitor of catalase 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole enhances the effects of the mutagens on maize seed germination.
- Treatment
- 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolee5
- Outcome
- effects of these mutagens on seed germinatione4
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Qualifier
- a specific inhibitor of catalasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e4“The effects of these mutagens on seed germination were partly reversed by dimethyl thiourea, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase”
e5“while the effects were enhanced by treatment with H 2 O 2 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, a specific inhibitor of catalase”
Claim · model-written summary
AO profoundly increases NADPH oxidase activities in germinating maize seeds.
- Organ / stage
- germinating seedse6
- Treatment
- AOe6
- Gene
- NADPH oxidasee6
- Outcome
- NADPH oxidase activitiese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- profoundlye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e6“AO and EB profoundly increased NADPH oxidase activities in germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
EB profoundly increases NADPH oxidase activities in germinating maize seeds.
- Organ / stage
- germinating seedse6
- Treatment
- EBe6
- Gene
- NADPH oxidasee6
- Outcome
- NADPH oxidase activitiese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- profoundlye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e6“AO and EB profoundly increased NADPH oxidase activities in germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
EB treatment of seeds does not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant maize seedlings.
- Organ / stage
- seedse7
- Treatment
- EBe7
- Outcome
- growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlingse7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e7“The treatment of seeds with EB and AO did not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AO treatment of seeds does not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant maize seedlings.
- Organ / stage
- seedse7
- Treatment
- AOe7
- Outcome
- growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlingse7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e7“The treatment of seeds with EB and AO did not affect the growth or drought tolerance of the resultant seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutagen toxicity to maize seed germination is related to the induction of ROS production.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize seed germination”
e0“The findings suggest that the mechanism of mutagen toxicity is related to the induction of ROS production”
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