Abstract
Drought stress and phosphorus (P) deficit decrease soybean P and nitrogen (N) accumulation, which limits soybean productivity. Therefore, soybean traits related to N and P uptake and/or their efficient utilization are important for soybean adaptation to P- and water-deficit conditions. We hypothesize that increasing soybean nodulation to enhance N and P uptake, and/or improving N and P use efficiency (PUE and NUE) are important for the adaptation of soybean to drought and low P conditions. To test this hypothesis, we selected four genotypes with different nodule dry weight (DW) and yield performance for a pot experiment under two water treatments [well-watered (WW) and cycle water stress (WS)] and three P levels [0 (P0, low), 60 (P60, mid), and 120 (P120, high) mg P kg−1 dry soil on top 40 cm]. Our study showed that P deficit and water stress significantly decreased soybean P and N accumulation, which limited seed yield under both WS and WW conditions. P addition increased soybean nodule dry weight (DW), thus increasing N and P uptake. Increasing nodule DW required high water use, and while there was no relationship found between nodule DW and yield under WS, a positive relationship under WW was shown. Partitioning more dry matter to seed could improve NUE and PUE. P addition did not change soybean NUE, which is important to yield determination under WS and P0 but has no effect on yield under WW. We conclude that increasing nodule formation improved soybean N and P uptake, which diminished the yield loss under WS and improved yield performance under WW. While high NUE reflects efficient utilization of N, which can improve yield under drought stress and low P availability, and does not impair the yield under WW. We propose that NUE and nodules are important traits for breeders to improve the tolerance to water- and P-deficit conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficit and water stress significantly decreased soybean P and N accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- P deficit and water stresse0
- Outcome
- P and N accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P deficit and water stress significantly decreased soybean P and N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nutrient accumulation limited seed yield under both water regimes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- P and N accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P deficit and water stress significantly decreased soybean P and N accumulation, which limited seed yield under both WS and WW conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus addition increased nodule dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P additione0
- Outcome
- nodule dry weight (DW)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P addition increased soybean nodule dry weight (DW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased nodules raised nitrogen and phosphorus uptake.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- N and P uptakee0
- Qualifier
- nodule dry weight (DW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P addition increased soybean nodule dry weight (DW), thus increasing N and P uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nodule dry weight required high water use.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee0
- Outcome
- water usee0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nodule DW required high water use”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule dry weight had no relationship with yield under water stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no relationshipe0
- Qualifier
- under WSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no relationship found between nodule DW and yield under WS”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule dry weight was positively related to yield under well watered conditions.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a positive relationship under WW was shown”
t0“Soybean”
e1“P deficit and water stress significantly decreased soybean P and N accumulation, which limited seed yield under both WS and WW conditions”
e2“P addition increased soybean nodule dry weight (DW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater seed dry matter partitioning could improve NUE and PUE.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- NUE and PUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partitioning more dry matter to seed could improve NUE and PUE”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus addition did not change soybean NUE.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P additione0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P addition did not change soybean NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE influenced yield under water stress and low P.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yield determinatione0
- Qualifier
- under WS and P0e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUE, which is important to yield determination under WS and P0”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE had no yield effect when well watered.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Setting
- under WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“has no effect on yield under WW”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
More nodules diminished yield loss under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee0
- Outcome
- yield loss under WSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing nodule formation improved soybean N and P uptake, which diminished the yield loss under WS”
Claim · model-written summary
More nodules improved yield under well watered conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee0
- Outcome
- yield performance under WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing nodule formation improved soybean N and P uptake, which diminished the yield loss under WS and improved yield performance under WW”
Claim · model-written summary
High NUE could improve drought and low P yield without impairing well watered yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yield under drought stress and low P availabilitye0
- Qualifier
- high NUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high NUE reflects efficient utilization of N, which can improve yield under drought stress and low P availability, and does not impair the yield under WW”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Breeders should target NUE and nodules for deficit tolerance.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- NUE and nodules are important traits for breeders to improve the tolerance to water- and P-deficit conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We propose that NUE and nodules are important traits for breeders to improve the tolerance to water- and P-deficit conditions”
t0“Soybean”
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