Abstract
Introduction Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields with the increasing demand for nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). This study aimed to assess the impact of soybean breeding on P and N utilization efficiencies. Methods Field experiments with split-plot experimental designs were conducted at two locations [Dafang (DF) and Shiqian (SQ)] in the 2019 growing season to determine the agronomic efficiency of P fertilizer (AEp), P and N utilization efficiencies, and P and N accumulation and partitioning in different soybean organs under 0 (P0) and 35 (P35) kg ha −1 P supply. Results The results showed that soybean breeding targeting high seed yield also improved AEp ( p < 0.05) and P ( p < 0.05) and N utilization efficiencies ( p < 0.05), with the improvement in AEp associated with the high yield response to P supply. P and N accumulation significantly increased in pods ( p < 0.05) and leaves ( p < 0.05) but not in stems or roots with year of release, while P and N concentrations did not change in any organ with year of release. In addition, only pod dry weight significantly increased ( p < 0.01) with year of release, and P and N partitioning increased to pods ( p < 0.05) but decreased to stems ( p < 0.05) with year of release. Correlation and PCA analyses revealed P and N utilization efficiencies positively correlated with P and N partitioning to pods but negatively correlated with P and N partitioning to stems. While P supply increased P and N accumulation, it reduced P utilization efficiency. Discussion We conclude that (1) soybean breeding improved AEp and P and N utilization efficiencies; (2) the increased P and N partitioning to pods but decreased partitioning to stems contributed to the high P and N utilization efficiencies in new soybean cultivars, reducing the demand for N and P; (3) P supply increased nutrient accumulation but reduced P utilization efficiency. These results highlight the significance of appropriate resource allocation among organs and efficient P management for enhancing nutrient utilization and reducing fertilizer requirements.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean breeding targeting high seed yield improved agronomic efficiency of P fertilizer (AEp).
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- soybean breeding targeting high seed yielde1
- Outcome
- AEpe1
- Direction
- improvede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e1“soybean breeding targeting high seed yield also improved AEp”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean breeding targeting high seed yield improved P and N utilization efficiencies.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soybean breeding targeting high seed yielde1
- Outcome
- utilization efficienciese2
- Direction
- improvede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e1“soybean breeding targeting high seed yield also improved AEp”
e2“improved AEp ( p < 0.05) and P ( p < 0.05) and N utilization efficiencies ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N accumulation increased in soybean pods with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- podse3
- Treatment
- year of releasee3
- Outcome
- P and N accumulatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e3“P and N accumulation significantly increased in pods ( p < 0.05) and leaves ( p < 0.05) but not in stems or roots with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N accumulation increased in soybean leaves with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- year of releasee3
- Outcome
- P and N accumulatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e3“P and N accumulation significantly increased in pods ( p < 0.05) and leaves ( p < 0.05) but not in stems or roots with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N accumulation did not change in soybean stems or roots with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- stems or rootse3
- Treatment
- year of releasee3
- Outcome
- P and N accumulatione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e3“P and N accumulation significantly increased in pods ( p < 0.05) and leaves ( p < 0.05) but not in stems or roots with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N concentrations did not change in any soybean organ with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- any organe4
- Treatment
- year of releasee4
- Outcome
- P and N concentrationse4
- Direction
- did not changee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e4“P and N concentrations did not change in any organ with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod dry weight of soybean increased with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- year of releasee5
- Outcome
- pod dry weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e5“only pod dry weight significantly increased ( p < 0.01) with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N partitioning to soybean pods increased with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- podse6
- Treatment
- year of releasee6
- Outcome
- P and N partitioninge6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e6“P and N partitioning increased to pods ( p < 0.05) but decreased to stems ( p < 0.05) with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N partitioning to soybean stems decreased with year of release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- stemse6
- Treatment
- year of releasee6
- Outcome
- P and N partitioninge6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e6“P and N partitioning increased to pods ( p < 0.05) but decreased to stems ( p < 0.05) with year of release”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N utilization efficiencies are positively correlated with P and N partitioning to soybean pods.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- podse7
- Outcome
- P and N utilization efficienciese7
- Direction
- positively correlatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e7“Correlation and PCA analyses revealed P and N utilization efficiencies positively correlated with P and N partitioning to pods but negatively correlated with P and N partitioning to stems”
Claim · model-written summary
P and N utilization efficiencies are negatively correlated with P and N partitioning to soybean stems.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- stemse7
- Outcome
- P and N utilization efficienciese7
- Direction
- negatively correlatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e7“Correlation and PCA analyses revealed P and N utilization efficiencies positively correlated with P and N partitioning to pods but negatively correlated with P and N partitioning to stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased P and N partitioning to pods, with decreased partitioning to stems, contributed to the high P and N utilization efficiencies of new soybean cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- high P and N utilization efficienciese1
- Qualifier
- increased P and N partitioning to pods but decreased partitioning to stemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e1“the increased P and N partitioning to pods but decreased partitioning to stems contributed to the high P and N utilization efficiencies in new soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
P supply increased P and N accumulation in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P supplye1
- Outcome
- P and N accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e1“While P supply increased P and N accumulation, it reduced P utilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
P supply reduced P utilization efficiency in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P supplye1
- Outcome
- P utilization efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields”
e1“While P supply increased P and N accumulation, it reduced P utilization efficiency”
The same questions in other papers
phosphorus · nutrient: efficiency · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.